Chemistry Health Sciences Exam #3

saturated fatty acids

have no double bonds

unsaturated fatty acids

have 1 or more double bonds

double bond

CANNOT rotate

as double bonds increase

MP/BP decrease

Hydrogenation

addition of H2, alkene to alkane, catalyst of Ni

Hydration

addition of H2O, catalyst H2SO4, two potential products which are constitutional isomers

benzene is (shape)

a planar molecule

Carbonyl group

C=O

Alcohol dehydration

loss of H2O, catalyzed by H2SO4

Acid-catalyzed hydration

adding H2O, catalyzed by H2SO4 and heat (pushes reaction towards dehydration)

Oxidation

Increase C=O bonds

Reduction

Decrease C=O bonds

Primary alcohol oxidize

to aldehyde then carboxylic acid, K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Secondary alcohol oxidize

to ketone, K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Tertiary alcohols oxidize

JK they dont oxidize

Aldehyde oxidize

to carboxylic acid, tollens reagent

Ketones are oxidized

JK they cannot

Racemic Mixture

equal mixtures of both enantiomers

When carboxylic acids react with alcohols

esters are formed, catalyzed by H+

Fischer Esterification

catalyzed by H+, carboxylic acid to ester

Ester +H2O

H+ catalyst, carboxylic acid and alcohol are products

Ester + M+OH-

catalyzed by H2O, carboxylate salt and alcohol

Amide + H2O

catalyzed by H+, carboxylic acid and ammonium ion

Amide + M+OH-

catalyzed by H2O, carboxylate ion and amine

Nomenclature priorities (in order)

carboxylic acid, amide, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, thiol, amine, ether, alkene, alkyne, R=x

MP/BP priorities

ionic (M+A-), carboxylic acid/1/2 amide, alcohol, ½ amine, ketone/3 amide/ester, ether/3 amine, thiol/r=x I>Br>Cl>F, alkane/alkene/alkyne