HISTORY UNIT TEST 2 WW1

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What are the causes of WW1?

M.ilitarism

A.lliances

N.ationalism

I.mperialism

A.ssasination

What is Militarism and how did it contribute to ww1?

1. Militarism means a race to see who can get better weapons and larger armed forces. (also can be called an arms race)

2. Countries were building their army and weapons. They tried intimidating each other and back up threats with weapons.

What are ALLIANCES and how did it contribute to ww1?

1. Alliances were agreements that promise to help another country.

When making alliance they agree to…

• stop trading with a country

• support their ally with troops and resources

• declare war

2. this contribute to the war because of Alliances like the

Triple Entente (allies): United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, France and Russia

Triple alliance (central powers): Germany, Austria-Hungary,

What is NATIONALISM?

Having pride in your country’s willingness to defend it and the belief that is destined for greatness.

What is Imperialism and how it contributed to WW1?

1. Belief in the need of building up an empire.

2. The big players in the world (Britain, France, Germany, etc.) wanted to be even more powerful. Also, People were excited to be a citizen of a nation so they were willing to support and fight.

What was the assassination and how did it contribute to the WW1?

Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne but gets assassinated by Gavrilo Princip a member of the “Black Hand” same with his wife.( a group terrorists trained in Serbia.)

• Austria-Hungary then gets mad and establishes a 10 point ultimatum to Serbia and rejection would result in war.

• This ultimatum mainly consisted of cutting off support of nationalists and/or publishing propaganda, arresting supporters of the black hand.

• They rejected cuz Austria-Hungary wanted to investigate Serbian suspects which was a charter violation.

Who was PM during the war? Why did Canada Join? Who was Sam Hughes?

The Prime Minister during the war was Robert Borden. Canada joined because Britain declared war on Germany on Aug. 4, 1914, so Canada and the rest of the British Empire were automatically at war too. Sam Hughes was the Minister of the Militia, he made and guided the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF).

Define Propaganda

The intentional spreading of ideas or information to induce attitudes and actions in individuals. It can be false and its goal is to convince the population in believing the message being shown.

What are the 8 type of tricks used in Propaganda?

1. Name Calling

2. Testimonial

3. Transfer

4. Glittering Generality

5. Card Stacking

6. Band Wagon

7. Plain Folks

8. Fear

What is Name Calling

Putting bad label on something to create attitudes of hatred towards it.

What is Testimonial

The use of a respected person or someone with experience to ENDORSE a product or cause by approving it.

What is Transfer

It uses something we approve or respect. They employ symbols (e.g. waving flag)

Glittering Generality

Employ vague, sweeping statements (USUALLY SLOGANS). the language is associated with values and beliefs that are supported with information or reason. like HONOR, GLORY, LOVE OF COUNTRY, DESIRE FOR PEACE, FREEDOM, FAMILY VALUES.

Card stacking

Makes the best case possible for his side and the worst for the other side, attempting to persuade the audience into accepting the facts as a conclusion.

Band Wagon

Persuade audience to follow the crowd

Plain Folk

A spokes person is used who is from humble origins someone they can trust and who has their interests at heart.

Fear

Uses content that builds anxiety and panic (things that will fear the general audience) to make them think that bad things will happen if they don’t follow their instructions.

in 1905 what was the Schlieffen plan created by German General Alfred Von Schlieffen?

• It was a plan to take France by flanking them and getting Paris, and then later Russia. This failed because they turned too early and didn’t go far enough.

• This resulted into a stalemate and trench warfare that would last the entire war.

What is the definition of Trench

• Built during WW1 as defence from machine guns and artillery

• Each were built in zigzags and dug in about 2 meters deep, topped with sand bags

Who had better trenches? Why? The Conditions?

1. Germany had better trenches.

2. Because the Germans held higher, drier ground (such as chalky ridges) that drained better and made deep excavation easier.

3. For British and French it was pretty muddy and sticky for them as they had to deal with waterlogged (perm flood) rats the size of cats, and diseases like trench foot in relation to being waterlogged.

Types of Trenches

F.iring Trench edge of “no man’s land”, had machine guns and observation posts.

R.eserve Trenches, had reserve soldiers, kitchen, and latrine.

C.ommunication Trenches, used to communicate between trenches

S.upport trenches, supported troops in the firing trench.

CANADIAN BATTLES

CANADIAN BATTLES

Battle of Ypres (list dates, important moments, and ending)

Date: April 22, 1915

In this battle Canada was sent to Ypres (a city) to stop Germans from getting access to the English Channel. Germans tried pushing by using the poisonous chlorine gas. The Canadian soldiers used rags with urine so that it neutralized the chlorine. Canadians troops held their position for two days until British troops cam in and took over. This helped Canada proved themselves to be an effective force on the battlefield.

Battle of the Somme (list dates, important moments, and ending)

Date: July 1, 1916

First battle with tanks. Allied troops (canada side) went ‘over the top’ to advance across no man’s land in broad daylight to attack German Forces in Somme River. They successfully capture a German stronghold and later, Canadian battalions launched another attack but a stalemate occurred but they successfully relieved pressure in Verdun.

Battle of Vimy Ridge (list dates, important moments, and ending)

Date: April 9, 1917

Canada attacked Germany’s fortified ridge with the help of General Arthur Currie. He created new ways to defeat the Germans like digging tunnels or the creeping barrage (firing continuously at positions just in front of the advancing troops making a cloud of smoke to advance, Canada perfected this). Canada won, but at the cost lost about 10 thousand soldiers.

Battle of Passchendaele (list dates, important moments, and ending)

Date: October 26, 1917

General Arthur Currie wanted to lead the Canadian troops to breakthrough German defences. (the main goal at first), but there was horrible rainy and muddy conditions, (plus German fire) so they instead went for Passchendaele. really long hard fought battle, and they were able to capture Passchendaele.

Canada’s Hundred Days (list dates, important moments, and ending)

Date: Aug 8 - Nov 11 1918

Canadian soldiers led attacks against Germany and pushed em out of trenches, leading the allied countries and leading them to victory, Germany surrendered.

WEAPONS OF WAR: Land

• Bolt Action Rifle: main weapon used by British Soldiers, with the attachment of bayonet

• Machine Guns 4-6 ppl to operate, and must be used on flat land

• Gas: Poisonous gas, Chlorine gas(liquid to develop in lungs leading to suffocation), Mustard Gas, (hurts skin, vomiting, sore eyes, agonizing death).

• Tanks (used to cross trenches and move through barbed wire)

WEAPONS OF WAR: AIR

• Planes: used for reconnaissance and later on had machine guns // fights in the air were known as dog fights

• Zeppelin: large hydrogen filled airships that had machine guns

What is an ACE? name popular Canadian Pilot, and describe em.

pilot was able to kill 5 or more enemies. Famous Canadian Pilot was Billy Bishop (72) kills dam bro was cracked

WEAPONS OF WAR: sea

• Submarines: Threat to battleships // called u - boats back then, underwater vessel that can attack without detection.

About the Lustiana

British civilian boat carrying many US civilians in 1915 (Lustiana), it was sunk by a German U - Boat, this was a factor that pushed United States into the war in 1917.

Convoy System

to counter the submarine/u - boats, British came up with the Convoy System, Group of boats with Battleships (combat ships) and Merchant Ships (carries passengers or cargo). (BATTLE SHIPS WOULD PROTECT THE MERCHANT SHIPS)

Sinking of the Llandovery Castle, June 27, 1918

• Canadian Hospital ship carrying Canadian casualties that was returning from war was torpedoed by German u-boat/submarine.

• German Commander Patzig tried interrogating the crew thinking it was an ammunition carrier even though it had a huge red cross on the boat.

• German Commander Patzig tried covering up the evidence by killing all the witnesses and one lifeboat survived (24 ppl out of 258).

Russian Revolution (explains why and when Russia left the war)

On march 1918 Russia, tired of all resources, no food, wanted to make peace with Germany and wanted to resign from the war and accept defeat. Russia signed Treaty of Brest - Litovsk giving up a lot of land. But after the war ended it was annulled (removed as if never existed). Also made Britain and France to feel betrayed.

What is Conscription? Why was it needed? Who was for it/against it? Why were they against it?

1. Conscription is forcing men to enlist

2. It was needed because Canada (Robert Borden Prime minister) saw a decline in volunteers.

   WHO WOULD BE AGAINST

   1. French Canadians: saw ww1 as a struggle between corrupt European powers, and was not Canadas concern.

   2. Farmers: Used to have exemption(excuse to evade being drafted) but government broke promise after the acts passed and riots broke out.

   3. Unions: wanted workers back home in labour force

   4. Pacifists: Objectors based on religion

How did Borden ensure to get elected?

1. Military voters act: gave the vote to soldiers serving at the front for the first time (they would be with cuz they want more helpers)

2. War time elections act: Gave vote to women with relatives fighting in the war (This is because they believe it will provide more protection for their loved ones)

3. Policy of disfranchisement: ppl who spoke enemy language (German, Austria-Hungary) were denied to vote (30,000 ppl). (This is because Germans and others would not want to fight against more enemies).

What is the War measures act?

Powerful act that could make laws instantly, and freeze civil rights.

What was the Halifax Explosion?

French cargo ship carrying thousands of tons of explosives collided with a Norwegian ship in the Narrows of Halifax Harbour.

How did Canada “pay” for the war?

Canada payed for the war by using Victory Bonds (relying on citizens by loaning off of them), and tax.

Minority groups? How were they treated in Canadian Expeditionary Force? Within Canadas Borders?

• Asian Canadians: faced prejudice (and some made their own military units trained by British veterans, later on fighting in battalions in France (abt 185) of em.

• Indigenous Canadians: were discriminated against and had reserve system which restricted their rights, were later let into the war because volunteers declined.

• Black Canadians: faced racism and ppl didn’t want them in the war. Recruiting officer even said “this isn’t for you fellows, this is a white mans war.” They protested to fight in the war and they were eventually were able to fight (voices heard) and had their own group of black soldiers with white commander to the construction battalion (No.2 Construction Battalion) where they went to France overseas to build roads.

• Canadians of Germans and Ukrainian Heritage: seen as possible spies and enemy aliens and were sent to INTERNMENT camps, where they built roads and railways.

How were women used during the war?

Women were used during the war by making guns, shells, and aircraft’s (skilled jobs)

August 1914 alliances?

June 1914 Alliances and countries

The lines and borders on map

END OF WAR

END OF WAR

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

The Paris Peace Conference, in 1919 was a peace conference with the allied powers and central powers at the hall of mirrors, where they made the Treaty of Versailles.

What were the results of the Treaty of Versailles? What consequences were placed on Germany?

Results of Treaty of Versailles…

B.lame: Germany had to take responsibility for the war

R.eperations:Germany had to play 132 billion gold marks for the damage done.

A.rmy: Couldn’t have submarine or Airforce. Navy of 6 battleships, and an Army of 100,000 men.

T.erritory: Colonies were given to France and Britain.

Germany at first refused to sign, but the Allies threatened to continue the war. Germany then signed, but didn’t have enough reparations to pay.

What was it like for soldiers returning home?

1. They had to go through demobilization (getting back home, and since so much ppl they had to wait). Aug 1919 most soldiers got home.

2. Had to go through Spanish flu (dangerous flu) whole world went through it and almost same amount of Canadian deaths from the flu as the Canadians from the war.

3. Had no jobs returning to from the war, they started to go on strike.

What was the Winnipeg General Strike?

35,000 soldiers went on strike which shutdown the entire city because workers also joined in, this lasted 2 months until government stepped in and arrested the leaders (of the strike and unions).

Bloody Saturday?

workers protested for the arrest of the leaders. But then Police charged the crowd injuring 30 and killing 2. This incident divided the country between workers and employers.

Who is Francis Pegahmagabow?

Deadly Canadian indigenous sniper with 300+ kills.

Berlin Ontario, what happened to it during ww1?

It was a place with a lot of Germans in Canada, and they were pretty loyal and innocent. but because of ww1 Canada, with the War measures act, they were able to create new laws towards the Germans to fire them and put them in Internment Camps.

Wolf Packs

German u-boats/submarines would use this tactic to defeat convoys. They first…

1. Scout, find the convoy

2. Howl, tell higher German commands

3. Swarm, gather other u-boats and swarm at night.

Canadian Patriotic Fund?

fFnd to help wives that don’t make enough money from the husbands in the war.

Big 4

David Lloyd George (Prime minister of Britain)

Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Prime minister of Italy)

Georges Clemenceau (Prime minister of France)

Woodrow Wilson (President of United States)