ther 305 - exam 1

rapidly increasing

What is happening to the population that is aged 65 years and older?

female

Which gender lives longer (on average)?

decrease

The percentage of older adults engaged in physical activity on a regular basis does what with more advanced age?

chronological

The passage of time from birth in years is known as what type of aging?

biological

What type of aging refers to a group of processes within the body that
eventually lead to loss of adaptability, disease, etc…?

functional

What type of aging refers to functional fitness in comparison with others the
same age and gender?

usual

What aging characterized by a gradual decline in body function, leading to physical impairments, disease, functional limitations and eventually the onset of disability and death?

pathological

Abnormal aging is also called what type of aging?

successful

People with better than average physiological and psychological characteristics in late life and healthy genes who are more satisfied with life in general are said to have what type of aging?

physical activity, nutrition, stress management

What are the three modifiable factors associated with lifestyle and aging?

critical

Examination and evaluation are what?

positive and immediate

Aging adults need motivation that is what?

humor

In motivating the patient, use kindness and what?

active

Empowering the patient to taken what type of part in their care will lead to
greater chances of success?

verbal

Using what type of gentle persuasion to perform an activity is more likely to
work?

positive

Using what type of reinforcement after performing an activity is useful?

arrogance

Clinicians must demonstrate care and confidence in their skills, not what?

eliminate background noise, speak slowly, speak in a low tone, speak loud and clear while being respectful

Communicating clearly with older patients includes what four requirements?

falling

What is a very real and limiting experience?

identify environmental cues, distinguish environmental hazards, maintain upright balance, communicate

Be able to describe what vision is used for.

ability to detect people or objects in the lateral visual fields

When the peripheral vision is decreased, what does it impact?

individual to miss traffic or street signs and hazards

When the upper visual field is decreased, what does it impact?

decreased awareness of tripping hazards and increased risk of falls

When the lower visual field is decreased, what does it impact?

near

Which distance of vision is affected first?

wall mounted or periphery

What type of lamps are better than ceiling lights because they do not form
shadows on things?

directly on the task

Lighting focused where is more helpful rather than overhead lighting?

diffuse, soft lighting

What type of lighting is preferable to reduce glare?

softens the light

Why are lamp shades important?

take longer to adjust

When happens to the eyes when moving from high light to low light?

red bulbs

Nightlights help with dark adaptation, but what specifically is used to
stimulate the cones in the eye?

bright, warm colors (red, orange, yellow)

What type of colors are seen better?

pastel hues and monotones

What colors should be avoided?

sharp

What contrast should be used? (with bright detail on dark backgrounds)

binocular

What type of vision builds 3D vision?

hear words in noisy environment

Decreased sensitivity to sound means the individual will have difficulty with the ability to do what?

process and interpretation of sounds

Difficulty discriminating words slows what?

presbycusis

What is associated with cognitive decline, dementia, depression and loneliness?

high tone

Which frequencies of hearing are generally affected first?

• face patient; make eye contact

• say the person’s name before beginning a conversation

• talk clearly, at a normal pace, when in front of the patient

• slightly project voice, as in speaking to a group

• incorporate visual aids

• change hearing aid batteries on a regular schedule

• avoid chewing gum or covering mouth when speaking, to allow the individual to use visual cues

• do not speak into the person’s ear

• eliminate background noise or visual distractions

• use rephrasing if repeating isn’t effective

• when giving specific directions, write it down

• minimize side conversations

Be able to describe the strategies to use when communicating with an older
individual with hearing loss.

increases

What happens to systolic blood pressure with age as a consequence of
vascular stiffening in the arteries?

blood pressure

What should you make sure to monitor with your older adult patient?

warm-ups

What should you utilize prior to intense aerobic exercise to accommodate effects of aging?

burn (or increase in lactate produced)

Since tissue perfusion occurs more slowly in older adults, what takes longer to be felt during exercise and requires a longer warm-up?

mitochondria

What does anesthesia obliterate that severely compromises endurance?

teaching essentials (transfers, home exercise, proper gait pattern, mobility strategies, etc.)

What should initial treatments after surgery be utilized effectively to do?

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

What does SOAP stand for?

subjective

In which part of the examination and evaluation is what the patient says about their complaint documented?

objective

In which part of the examination and evaluation is the information that you gather from observation, ROM, special testing, etc… placed?

objective

Where is today’s treatment and the response to it documented?

activities of daily living

Typically, we use physical activities to direct your decision making. What does ADL stand for?

ability to use telephone, laundry and dressing, shopping and running errands, transportation, meal preparation, medication management, housekeeping activities, ability to manage finances

What are some examples of IADLs?

self-report

What is a way of collecting information on a patient’s perception of impairment, function and quality of life?

physical touch

We need to be aware of the influence of what on patient confidence and performance?

valid

What type of performance measures measure what it is supposed to measure?

reliable

What type of performance measures need to be consistent and error free in measurement?

least fatiguing

What type of tests should be conducted first with those with greater exertion requirement being completed last?

no, it will improve ability to get out of a chair

Should you use the ability to prevent heart disease as a motivating factor for your patient to encourage them to be more active? If not, what would you use instead?

problems list, short, mid, and long term goals, prognosis

What is documented in the assessment section?

frequency, duration, expected treatments (modalities, manual techniques, exercises), rationale

What should be included in the plan section?

exercise

What is often underutilized both in daily life and in therapy?

time

Exercise increases potential for optimal outcomes in the least amount of what?

ageism

What may lead to ineffective treatment and communication if an individual’s health condition is just seen as being associated with “old age”?

150 mins of activity per week, 2 days of resistance training per week, 2 days of flexibility per week, balance training

What are the recommended levels of exercise for older adults?

positive self-perceptions

We need to combat stereotypes by promoting what?

retirement

What can be difficult because work becomes a part of an individual’s identity?

emotional

What type of intimacy is when people can confide in or connect with each other?

intellectual

What type of intimacy is sharing a favorite song or idea?

physical

What type of intimacy includes physical touch?

experiential

What type of intimacy includes doing something together like a vacation?

spiritual

What type of intimacy includes worshiping or praying together?

• improves patients coping skills

• promotes healthy lifestyles

• contributes to an increased interest in preventative programs

• encourages the seeking out of nutritional information

• positive effect on quality of life and end-of-life issues

Spirituality has a number of effects on motivation. What are they?

multiple interventions

What does treatment of depression require to be successful?

depression

Physical activity and exercise is beneficial in the treatment of what?

not much

Antidepressants are commonly used in older adults but how beneficial are they?

3-4x/week for 8-14 weeks

Aerobic exercise has been shown to improve depression. What intensity and frequency and duration are appropriate?

exercise

What helps anxiety that isn’t usually considered?

suicide

What do you need to be on the lookout for because the older population is not immune?

social isolation, stressful life events, family discord, insufficient social supports, loneliness, loss of loved one, multiple medical conditions that limit function and life expectancy

What are risk factors for suicide in older adults?

housing, transportation, food, health care expenditures

What are the four highest items in the budget for aging adults?

25 and 65

A decrease in peak oxygen transport of 5 mL/kg/min per decade occurs between which ages?

fast twitch

Selective atrophy of which muscle fibers occurs during aging?

25%

What percent decrease in peak muscle force and lean tissue occurs between age 40 and 65?

increase

What happens to body fat content with aging?

25

At what age does a progressive decrease in bone calcium and deterioration of bone matrix begin?

5 postmenopausal years

When does the progressive decrease in bone calcium and deterioration of bone matrix accelerate for in women?

maximum cardiac output, maximum stroke volume, maximal heart rate, reduction in oxygen delivered to and used by the working muscles

Decline noted in aerobic capacity is due to reductions in what?

reduction

What occurs in the number of red and white blood cells during aging?

reduction

What occurs in the hemoglobin, the iron-containing, oxygen-transporting part of the red blood cells?

increased risk for blood clots and pooling

What happens in the veins due to a breakdown of the valves in the veins?

lose muscle mass, strength, power, impairs walking, increases risk for falls, increases risk for disability and death

What muscle functions are lost in older adults?

muscle atrophy, age-related decrease in muscle mass

What is sarcopenia?

fat

In sarcopenia, muscle is replaced with what?

slow walking speed, poor endurance, inability to rise from a chair, increased risk for falls, higher incidence of disability and frailty in older adults

What is loss of muscle strength associated with?

feasible, well-tolerated, and effective

How is high-velocity power training tolerated or considered for older adults?

high-velocity power training

What type of strength training requires less time and is perceived as less exhausting than traditional strength training?

lower-body muscle strength, muscle mass, gait speed, stair climbing power

High-intensity resistance training has demonstrated improved in what areas?

bone forming cells

What are osteoblasts?

bone eating cells

What are osteoclasts?

osteopenia

What is the loss of bone mineral density that is a precursor to Osteoporosis called?

osteoporosis

What is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone density as bone mass decreases with microarchitectural deterioration of bone called?