SB: Endocrine System Module

ductless glands that secrete hormones are ____________

endocrine glands

which of the following statements are true of both neural and endocrine regulation?

• there is a mechanism to turn off actions of the regulators

• target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule

• a specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory molecule binds to its specific receptors

which major chemical class of hormones is lacking a protein component?

• amines

• steroids

match the following molecules with their definitions

prohormone →

preprohormone →

hormone →

→ a polypeptide chain that is cut and spliced together to form a hormone

→ a polypeptide chain that is a precursor to another inactive molecule

→ active molecule that affects the metabolism of target cells

when two hormones work together to produce an effect, those effects are described as __________

synergistic

endocrine glands are ___________ glands that secrete hormones

ductless

the half-life of a hormone is the time it takes for an endocrine gland to secrete one half of the needed amount of a hormone

false

indicate whether the following statements apply to neural regulation, endocrine regulation, or both

regulatory molecules secreted into a synapse →

regulatory molecules secreted into the blood →

target cells possessing receptors for the regulatory molecules →

→ nervous system

→ endocrine system

→ both

which of the following are the major chemical classes of hormones?

• amines

• glycoproteins

• steroids

• polypeptides

place the following molecules in the order of which would be produced first to last

1. prehormone

2. prohormone

3. hormone

nonpolar hormones ___________

are capable of crossing plasma membranes

synergic effects may be additive or _________-

complementary

which of the following statements about thyroxine are true?

• has a higher affinity for TBG

• the concentration of free T4 in plasma is lower than that of free T3

• secreted in larger amounts than T3

the half-life of most hormones fall into which range?

minutes to hours

hormones such as epinephrine must generally rely on __________ because of their solubility

second-messenger systems

the ________ gland is attached to the hypothalamus by an infundibulum

pituitary

match the anterior pituitary hormones with their target organs

ACTH →

TSH →

FSH →

GH →

PRL →

→ adrenal cortex

→ thyroid gland

→ gonads

→ most tissue

→ mammary glands

match the type of hormone with its mechanism of action

polar →

nonpolar →

→ act through second-messenger systems

→ regulate gene expression

oxytocin is secreted from the ________

posterior pituitary

alternate terms to denote the hormone most abundantly secreted by the thyroid gland include ___________

• T4

• thyroxine

• tetraiodothyronine

hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors activate __________ ___________ systems within the cell

second messenger

bone, muscle, and adipose tissue are the target tissues/organs for _________ hormone

growth

the glandular portion of the pituitary is the _________-

anterior

when thyroid hormone levels rise, TRH and TSH are inhibited. this mechanism is called __________ _________

negative feedback

the follicle-stimulating hormone promotes gamete production in the __________

• testes

• ovaries

what is the term used to describe the relationship between the anterior pituitary and a target gland?

axis

which hormone(s) are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

• oxytocin

• antidiuretic hormone

the cortex and medulla are features of the _________-

adrenal glands

which of the following statements regarding thyroxine is true?

thyroxine requires a carrier protein to travel through the blood

the three categories of corticosteroids are the _____________, ______________, and adrenal __________

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

the ovary is stimulated by _________

• LH

• FSH

which hormone(s) is/are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

• epinephrine

• norepinephrine

secretion of most hypothalamic regulatory hormones and hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland is under the control of ___________

negative feedback

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) typically causes ____________-

increased ACTH secretion and glucocorticoid secretion

higher brain centers never play a role in the release of anterior pituitary hormones

false

which of the following glands is located just below the larynx?

thyroid

the adrenal glands consist of two types of tissue: an outer _______ and an inner _______

cortex, medulla

choose all the functions of thyroid hormones

• promote maturation of the nervous system

• elevate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

• stimulate protein synthesis

• increase cellular respiration

which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla in the greatest proportion?

epinephrine

the glands embedded in the thyroid make up the _______ glands

parathyroid

Hans Selye characterized the body’s nonspecific reponse to stress as ________ ________ _________

general adaptation syndrome

the _________ _________ (islets of Langerhans) are the clusters of cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas and function to secrete hormones

pancreatic islets

the _________ is the largest of the purely endocrine glands in an adult

thyroid

the hormone that functions to lower blood glucose levels is __________

insulin

one of the main functions of ___________ is to raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the body

thyroid hormone

the pineal gland is located _____________-

in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

the stomach and small intestines produce hormones that regulate _______

digestion

match the letter with the correct gland

A →

B →

→ parathyroid

→ thyroid

the pancreatic islets are the _______ portion of the pancreas

endocrine

match the hormones with the glands that secrete them

androgens →

progesterone →

→ testes

→ ovaries

insulin functions to ___________-

lower blood glucose levels

regulators that are chemicals secreted by cells and act upon neighboring cells are known as ________, while those that act upon the very cells from which they are secreted are called _________

paracrine, autocrine

the gland that is located in the roof of the third ventricle of teh diencephalon is the _________ gland

pineal

common paracrines that regulate immune cells and act as growth factors are known as _________

cytokines

hormones secreted by the stomach and small intestines affect the ___________

• pancreas

• stomach

• gall bladder

• intestines

the four small glands indicated in the image comprise the ________ glands

parathyroid

the __________ are the major producers of androgens in the male body, while the ________ are responsible for the release of most estrogens and progesterone in the female body

testes, ovaries

match the type of chemical with its action

hormone →

neurotransmitter →

paracrine regulators →

autocrine regulators →

→ travels through the blood to affect target organs throughout the body

→ secreted by neurons to act upon a post-synaptic cell

→ travel short distances to act upon neighboring cells

→ act upon the same cells that produce the secretions

cytokines are ________

paracrine regulators