rl l3 identification rizal

19th Century

A crucial period in Philippine colonial history marked by major political, economic, and social transformations. The integration of the Philippines into global trade and the arrival of new ideas, knowledge, and technologies from the West contributed to these changes.

Viceroyalty of New Spain

The Mexico-based government that administered the Philippines on behalf of Spain for more than 200 years.

Spanish Cortes

The Spanish legislative assembly that convened to draft the Cadiz Constitution. The Philippines was granted representation in it in 1810.

Cadiz Constitution

The constitution drafted by the Spanish Cortes in 1810.

Napoleon Bonaparte

The French leader who invaded Spain, contributing to political changes in Spain and its colonies.

Cortes of Cádiz

The Spanish legislative assembly that drafted the Cadiz Constitution in 1810.

Latin American Revolutions

Revolutionary movements in Latin America that contributed to the weakening of Spanish colonial control.

Novales Revolt

A revolt led by Andres Novales in 1823 against Spanish colonial authority in the Philippines.

Carlos María de la Torre

A Spanish Governor-General known for his liberal administration in the Philippines from 1869 to 1871.

Rafael de Izquierdo

The conservative Governor-General who replaced Carlos María de la Torre in 1871.

Cavite Mutiny

An uprising that occurred on January 20, 1872, at the arsenal of Fort San Felipe in Cavite.

Centralized Government

A system in which political authority and decision-making are concentrated in the central government.

Local Autonomy

The ability of local communities or governments to exercise authority over their own affairs.

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

A trade system connecting the Philippines and Mexico. Its end in 1815 encouraged the diversification and expansion of the Philippine colonial economy.

Sugar

One of the three important Philippine export products during the 19th century.

Abaca

One of the three important Philippine export products during the 19th century.

Tobacco

One of the three important Philippine export products during the 19th century.

Suez Canal

A canal that shortened travel between the Philippines and Europe, accelerating trade, migration, and the circulation of ideas.

Opening of Manila to Foreign Trade

The opening of Manila to world trade in 1834, which encouraged foreign migration and expanded colonial trade networks.

Frailocracy

A system in which Spanish religious orders exercised significant influence over colonial administration and everyday life in the Philippines.

Regular Clergy

Priests who belonged to religious orders and followed the rules of their respective congregations.

Secular Clergy

Priests who were not members of religious orders and generally served under the authority of a bishop in a diocese.

Secularization Movement

A movement that sought to transfer the administration of parishes from regular clergy to Filipino secular priests.

Jose Burgos

A Filipino secular priest and one of the three priests executed after the Cavite Mutiny in 1872.

GOMBURZA

The collective name for Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed on February 17, 1872.

Return of Jesuits

The Jesuits returned to the Philippines in 1859, intensifying competition between religious orders and Filipino secular priests over parish administration.

Guardia Civil

An organization established in 1852 by Royal Decree to suppress banditry and uprisings and strengthen colonial control in the Philippines.

Pattern of Oppression

The repeated forms of abuse and colonial control experienced by Filipinos under Spanish rule.

Educational Decree of 1863

A decree established in 1863 to create the first comprehensive public school system in the Philippines.

General Inspection of Public Works

An institution associated with the inspection and supervision of public works during the Spanish colonial period.

Public Education

The system of organized education made available to the public, including the public school system established through the Educational Decree of 1863.

Propaganda Movement

A movement initiated by patriotic Filipino leaders and students in exile after 1872 to promote reforms and improve the welfare of Filipinos.

Paciano Rizal

The older brother of Jose Rizal, who influenced and supported him during his early life.

Katipunan

A secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 to unite Filipinos and fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule.

Bourbon Reforms

Reforms that contributed to the shift of the Philippine economy from subsistence-based production to export-oriented agriculture.

Subsistence-Based Production

An economic system focused on producing goods mainly for the needs and consumption of the local population.

Export-Oriented Agriculture

Agricultural production focused on growing and producing goods for export to foreign markets.

Local Commercial Elites

Wealthy local individuals and families who gained economic influence through trade and commercial activities.

Hacienda System

A large estate or agricultural landholding system that shaped land ownership and agricultural production during the colonial period.

Land Dispossession

The loss or removal of land from its original owners or occupants.

Banditry

The spread of tulisanes and groups of thieves, which became a major problem in the Philippines during the middle of the 19th century.

Bandits / Tulisanes

People commonly described as uneducated, violent, and involved in criminal activities.

Cuadrilleros

Local guards or police forces associated with maintaining order during the Spanish colonial period.

Intellectual Transformation

The changes in Filipino thinking brought about by education, exposure to new ideas, and contact with the West.

Liberal Ideas

Ideas that promote individual rights, freedom, equality, and political reforms.

Secular Ideas

Ideas that are not based on religious authority and focus on worldly or non-religious matters.

First Generation of Patriots

Filipino patriots who contributed to the early development of reformist and nationalist ideas.

Second Generation of Patriots

Filipino patriots who continued the efforts of the Propaganda Movement, including Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.

Andres Novales

The leader of the Novales Revolt in 1823.

Pedro Pelaez

One of the principal advocates of the Secularization Movement.

Mariano Gomez

One of the three priests in GOMBURZA who were executed in 1872.

Jacinto Zamora

One of the three priests in GOMBURZA who were executed in 1872.

Jose Maria Basa

A Filipino patriot exiled abroad who became an important figure in the roots of the Propaganda Movement.

Antonio Maria Regidor

A Filipino patriot exiled abroad who became an important figure in the roots of the Propaganda Movement.

Maximo Paterno

A Filipino patriot exiled abroad who became an important figure in the roots of the Propaganda Movement.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

A prominent propagandist who continued the efforts of the Propaganda Movement.

1810

The Philippines was granted representation in the Spanish Cortes, which convened to draft the Cadiz Constitution.

1814

King Ferdinand VII returned to power and restored absolute monarchy in Spain.

1815

The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade ended.

1823

Andres Novales led the Novales Revolt.

1834

Manila was opened to world trade.

1850

Pedro Pelaez became one of the leading advocates of the Secularization Movement.

1852

The Guardia Civil was established by Royal Decree.

1859

The Jesuits returned to the Philippines.

1861

A royal decree transferred Filipino secular parishes to the Augustinian Recollects.

1863

The Educational Decree was established to create the first comprehensive public school system in the Philippines.

1866

The General Inspection of Public Works was established.

1869

The Suez Canal opened, and Carlos María de la Torre began his term as Governor-General.

1871

Carlos María de la Torre's term ended, and Rafael de Izquierdo replaced him.

January 20, 1872

The Cavite Mutiny occurred at the arsenal of Fort San Felipe in Cavite.

February 17, 1872

Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed by garrote in Bagumbayan.

1880s

The second wave of expatriates emerged and continued the development of reformist and nationalist ideas.

1892

The Katipunan was founded by Andres Bonifacio to unite Filipinos and fight for independence.