NBCE Part 1

What are the embryologic germinal layers

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

What are the four subgroups of embryologic mesoderm

1. Paraxial

- somatic

- splanchnic

2. Intermediate

3. Head

4. Lateral Plate

When considering the subgroup Paraxial of the four different types of embryologic subgroups for germinal layer Mesoderm, what are the two different types within this subgroup type

1. Somatic

2. Splanchnic

What is embryologic germinal layer ectoderm associated with

Nerve and skin

What are the embryologic derivatives of germinal layer endoderm

Organs, guts, respiratory tract "tubular structures"

What are the EMBRYOLOGIC derivatives of GERMINAL LAYER MESODERM when considering only the PARAXIAL SOMATIC subgroup

Musculoskeletal: muscles, ligaments and tendons

What are the derivatives of EMBRYOLOGIC GERMINAL LAYER MESODERM subgroup PARAXIAL SPLANCHNIC

smooth muscle of organs

What are the embryologic derivatives of GERMINAL MESODERM subgroup INTERMEDIATE

Urogenital system and kidneys

What are the EMBRYOLOGIC derivatives of GERMINAL LAYER MESODERM subgroup HEAD

Skull muscles and dentine of teeth

What are the EMBRYOLOGIC derivatives of GERMINAL LAYER MESODERM subgroup LATERAL PLATE

Adrenal cortex, CT, cardiovascular and lymph

What are the SUBGROUPS of ECTODERM

Surface Ectoderm and Neuro Ectoderm

What are the two different SUBGROUP types of embryologic germinal layer ectoderm, when considering NEUROECTODERM exclusively

1. Neural Tube

2. Neural Crest

What are the derivatives of embryologic germinal layer ECTODERM, SUBGROUP SURFACE ECTODERM

Epidermis, Ant. Pituitary, Lens of Eye, Skin, Enamel, Hair

When considering embryologic germinal layer ECTODERM and its subgroup NEUROECTODERM, what are the derivatives of the NEURAL TUBE, one of the two types of SUBGROUPS for NEUROECTODERM

The derivatives are not exclusive to the CNS and are the brain and spinal cord

This subgroup also derives the NEURAL TUBE, Post. Pituitary, RETINA, CNS, and OLIGODENDROCYTES

When considering the embryologic germinal layer ECTODERM and its SUBGROUP, NEURAL CREST, one of two types of this particular subgroup, what are its derivatives

The derivatives of this SUBGROUP type are OUTSIDE of the CNS and are:

SYMPATHETIC CHAIN AND GANGLION, DORSAL ROOT GANGLION, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, SCWANN CELLS, PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THYROID, ADRENAL MEDULLA

What are the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES which are DERIVED from the NEURAL TUBE

- Spina Bifida Occulta

- Meningocele

- Myelocele

- Meningomyelocele

- Arnold Chiari Syndrome Type 1

- Arnold Chiari Syndrome Type 2

- Cleft Palate

- Anencephaly

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA with derivatives associated with the NEURAL TUBE

The lamina fail to fuse and there is a tuft of hair that develops over this site, known as a Fawn's Beard

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY MENINGOCELE with derivatives associated with the NEURAL TUBE

Meninges protrude out

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY MYELOCELE with derivatives associated with the NEURAL TUBE

Spinal cord protrudes out because meninges are not developed properly

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY MENINGOMYELOCELE with derivates that are associated with the NEURAL TUBE

Spinal cord and meninges protrude out

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY ARNOLD CHIARI SYNDROME TYPE 1, where the derivatives are associated with the NEURAL TUBE

Cerebellar peduncles come below the foramen magnum

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY ARNOLD CHIARI SYNDROME TYPE 2, where the derivatives are associated with the NEURAL TUBE

You will see the signs of type 1 Arnold Chiari Malformation (Cerebellar Peduncles below the Foramen Magnem) as well as the signs of Meningomyelocele (spinal cord and meninges protrude out)

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY CLEFT PALATE, where the derivatives are associated with the NEURAL TUBE

It is a failure of the MAXILLARY AND PALATINE BONES to fuse

What are the key clinical features of CNS PATHOLOGY ANENCEPHALY, where the derivatives are associated with the NEURAL TUBE

Absence of a major portion of the brain, skull and scalp (most severe)

What vitamin is associated with the healthy development of the NEURAL TUBE and helps remediate the possibility of CNS pathologies associated with NEURAL TUBE defects

B9/ Folic Acid/ Methyl Folate/ Tetrahydrofolate

During the MESODERMAL embryologic stage of development what develops and what does it persist to

During this stage of development the notochord develops and persists as the nucleus pulpous, later assisting in the development of the neural tube

How many pairs of MESODERMAL SOMITES develop during the MESODERMAL EMBRYOLOGIC STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT and what are the three SUBGROUP TYPES

31 pairs of MESODERMAL SOMITES develop from the PARAXIAL MESODERM, respectively referred to as

1. SCLEROTOME

2. MYOTOME

3. DERMATOME

What develops when considering the SCLEROTOME MESODERMAL EMBRYOLOGIC STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT EXCLUSIVELY

Membranous vertebral column

What does the MYOTOME develop, when considering the MESODERMAL EMBRYOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Muscle

When considering the MYOTOME in relation to the MESODERMAL EMBRYOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, what is it responsible for developing specifically

Somatic, splanchnic, epimere, hypomere

What is the definition of SOMATIC when considering MYOTOME in relation to EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

skeletal muscle

What is the definition of Splanchnic, when considering MYOTOMES in relation to EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

"visceral" smooth muscle

What is the definition of an EPIMERE, when considering MYOTOMES in relation to EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

dorsal primary rami, posterior mm, extensors

What is an exception to the DORSAL PRIMARY understanding of muscle classification

Any back muscle which is innervated by a nerve coming off of a plexus is considered VENTRAL PRIMARY RAMI

What is the definition of HYPOMERE, when considering MYOTOMES and their relation to the EMBRYOLOGIC STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Ventral primary rami, anterior mm, flexors

What is the definition of a dermatome and how does it relate to the EMBRYOLOGICAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

a dermatome refers to nerves, and it is formed during the mesodermal embryologic stage of development

What two types of OSSIFICATION occur during the MESODERMAL STAGE of EMBRYOLOGICAL development

Intramembranous/ intramedullary ossification

Endochondral ossification

What forms during the intramembranous/ intramedullary ossification process during the MESODERMAL stage of EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Mesenchymal tissue is transformed into bone

Clavicle and all flat bones of skull form (e.g. parietal, temporal, flat bone on ilium)

What are SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTERS

Tip of the spinous process, tip of the TP, tip of the dens and the maxillary process

In terms of GI Embryology, what is the mouth associated with

Stomodeum

In terms of GI Embryology, what is the FOREGUT associated with

Back of throat to 1st 1/3rd duodenum

When considering GI embryology, what does the MIDGUT encompass

LAST 2/3rds of duodenum to 1st 2/3rds of TRANSVERSE COLON

What components compose the HINDGUT in relation to GI EMBRYOLOGY

Last 1/3rd of the TRANSVERSE COLON to the ANUS

What secondary vesicles are located within the PROSENCEPHALON

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

What are the derivatives of neuroaxis when considering the TELENCEPHALON

Cortices

Basal Ganglion

Cingulate Gyrus

What are the derivatives of the neuroaxis in relation to the DIENCEPHALON

Thalamus (Hypo, Epi, Sub)

Which cranial nerves are associated with the PROSENCEPHALON derivative TELENCEPHALON

1

Which cranial nerve is associated with the PROSENCEPHALON derivative DIENCEPHALON

2

What TWO CRANIAL NERVES are associated with the MESENCEPHALON, when considering its DERIVAtIVES

3,4

What CRANIAL NERVES ARE ASSOCIATED with the RHOMBENCEPHALON derivative METENCEPHALON

5-8

What CRANIAL NERCES are ASSOCIATED with the RHOMBOENCEPHALON derivative MYELENCEPHALON

9-12

Which VENTRICLE is associated with the TELENCEPHALON, a derivative of the PROSENCEPHALON

LATERAL VENTRICLE

Which VENTRICLE is associated with the DIENCEPHALON, a derivative of the PROSENCEPHALON

3RD VENTRICLE

Which VENTRICULAR STRUCTURE is associated with the MESENCEPHALON

AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS

Which VENTRICLE is associated with the METENCEPHALON, which is a derivative of the RHOMBOENCEPHALON

Roof of 4th Ventricle

Which VENTRICLE is associated with the MYELENCEPHALON, which is a derivative of the RHOMBOENCEPHALON

Floor of 4th ventricle

Obex= Fold of tissue at floor of 4th Ventricle

What connects the lateral and 3rd ventricle

Foramen of Monroe

What is just below the 4th Ventricle which is clinically relevant

the Cisterna Magna

What cranial nerve is associate with the first mandibular branchial arch

cranial nerve 5

Which cranial nerve is associated with the second branchial arch, "Hyoid"

Cranial nerve 7

Which branchial arch is associated with cranial nerve 9

3rd thymus

Which branchial arch is associated with cranial nerve 10

the 4th - 6th branchial arch (thyroid and cricoid)

What muscles are associated with the first mandibular branchial arch

muscles of mastication, tesor tympani, tensor veli, anterior belly of digastric

What muscles are associated with the second branchial arch, Hyoid

Muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric

Which muscle is associated with the third branchial arch, "thymus"

Stylopharyngeus

What muscles are associated with the 4th through 6th branchial arch, Thyroid and Cricoid

Cricothyroid, Levator veli, palatine, mm of larynx

What is some important clinical information concerning the first branchial arch, "Mandibular"

"From jaw to stapes"

General sensation to ant 2/3 of tongue

What is some important clinical information concerning the 2nd branchial arch, "Hyoid"

Taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

What is clinically important information concerning the third branchial arch, "Thymus"

Thymus gland. Taste and general sensation of post. 1/3 of tongue

What is clinically relevant information concerning the 4th - 6th branchial arch; "thyroid and cricoid"

Recurrent laryngeal nerve part of 5

What bone and cartilage are associated with the first branchial arch, mandibular

Mandible, malleus, incus, tympanic membrane

What bone or cartilage is associated with the second branchial branch, Hyoid

Stapes, styloid process, Cornu of hyoid

What bone or cartilage is associated with the third branchial arch, Thymus

Body of hyoid, greater cornu

What bone or cartilage is associated with the 4th branchial arch, Thyroid and Cricoid

Laryngeal cartilage

What is the name of the first cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions of this nerve

Olfactory

Frontal lobe

cribriform plate/ ethmoid

(s): smell (mitral cells)

What is the name of the second cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions of the nerve

Optic

Thalamus

Optic foramen/ sphenoid

(s) vision/ (r) afferent pupillary light reflex

What is the name of the third cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions

Oculomotor

Midbrain

Superior orbital fissure/ Sphenoid

(M) All muscles in the eye except (SO4LR6)/ (R) Pupillary constriction (Edinger Westphal)/ (P) Efferent Pupillary light reflex

What is the name of the fourth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are the actions

Trochlear

Midbrain

Superior Orbital Fissure/ Sphenoid

(M) Superior Oblique (SO4)

What is the name of the fifth cranial nerve and how many branches does it have

the fifth cranial nerve is called the trigeminal nerve, because there are three branches, (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular)

What is the name of the first branch of the fifth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions

trigeminal nerve ophthalmic branch

pons

superior orbital fissure/ sphenoid

(S) corner of cantos to bald spot; (R) afferent corneal and afferent oculocardiac

What is the name of the second branch of the fifth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions

trigeminal nerve maxillary branch

Pons

Sphenoid/ foramen rotundum

(S) corner of canthus to corner of mouth

What is the name of the third branch of the fifth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions

trigeminal nerve mandibular branch

Pons

Foramen ovale/ sphenoid

(S) corner of mouth to chin, general sensation of the tongue; (M) muscles of mastication and tensor tympani; (R) jaw jerk (afferent and efferent)

what is the name of the sixth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are the actions

Abducens

Pons

Superior orbital fissure/ sphenoid

(M) lateral rectus (LR6)

What is the name of the seventh cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are the actions

Facial

Pons

Internal auditory meatus to the styloid mastoid foramen/ Temporal (Note: Pierces the Parotid Gland

(S) Chordae tympani from middle ear to ant. 2/3 of tongue for taste/ gustatory sense; (M) Facial muscles and stapedius; (P) Lacrimation, salivation

What is the name of the eight cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are its actions

Vestibulochlear

Pons

Internal Auditory Meatus/ Temporal

(S): Balance (vestibulo); Hearing (cochlear)

What is the name of the ninth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are the actions

Glossopharyngeal

Medulla

Jugular foramen/ Temporal/ Occipital

(S): Posterior 1/3 tongue taste; middle ear

(M): Stylopharyngeus

(R): Carotid afferent, gag afferent

(P): Salivation (parotid glands)

What is the name of the tenth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through and what are the actions

Vagus

Medulla

Jugular Foramen/ Temporal/ Occipital

(S) Tympanic Membrane

(M) Palate, pharynx, larynx (via nucleus ambiguous)

(R) Carotid (squeeze skin over SCM), gag, and Oculocardiac efferent

(P) Palate to 1st 2/3 transverse colon

What is the name of the eleventh cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are the actions

Spinal accessory

Medulla

Jugular Foramen/ Temporal/ Occipital

(M): SCM (wc2/3) = contra rotn, ipsi lat flx.; Traps (wc 3,4)= forms slope of neck

What is the name of the twelfth cranial nerve, where does it originate, what foramen does it pass through, and what are the actions

Hypoglossal

Medulla

Hypoglossal foramen/ Occipital

(M) intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Clinical Pneumonic

Oval Man, Rotate Max, Spin the Middle

V3 Foramen Ovale, mandibular division

V2 Foramen Rotundum, maxillary division

Foramen spinosum= Middle meningeal artery

What are the muscles of mastication

Masseter

Temporalis

Internal/Medial Pterygoid

External/ Lateral Pterygoid

What is the origin, insertion and action of the masseter

Zygomatic

External angle of the jaw

Close jaw

What is the origin, insertion and action of the temporalis

Temporal fossa

Coronoid of mandible

Close the jaw

What is the origin, insertion and action of the internal/ medial pterygoid

Internal pterygoid process

internal angle of jaw

Close the jaw

What is the origin, insertion and action of the external/ lateral pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid process

Disc of TMJ and condyle of mandible

Open/ depress jaw. Protrude jaw.

What do dendrites do

They send impulses toward the cell body

What do axons do

Send signals away from the cell body

Where do impulses originate

At the axon hillock

What path does a motor response follow when interpreting a sensation

Receptor (dendrite)

Peripheral nerve

Spinal cord

brainstem

Cerebellum and thalamus

parietal lobe

Wernickes Area

Limbic system

Motor response

What is the only sensation that bypasses the thalamus

Smell