RAD final

radiographs are intended to be placed in a film holder in

anatomic order

in dental radiography, film mounting is the placement of radiograph

in a supporting structure or holder

a film mount may be made of

cardboard, plastic, lead foil

an opaque film mount is preferred because it

masks the light around each radiograph

If your client had bone loss what type of bitewing is most useful?

vertical bitewing

Advantages of a pan

-field size (entire max & mand)

-simplicity

-patient cooperation

-minimal exposure to radiation

A ghost image can occur in digital imaging because of _____.

metallic/ dense objects weren't removed (eyeglasses, piercings, dentures)

what's a lead apron artifact

if it is placed improper on patient; can result in radiopaque artifact on image

patient positioning errors: positioning of lips & tongue

anterior teeth radiolucent

patient positioning errors: tongue not on palate

apices of max. anterior teeth & max. alveolar bone radiolucent

patient positioning errors: chin tipped up

reverse smile line "frown" & apices of max. anterior teeth cut off

patient positioning errors: chin tipped down

exaggerated smile line, apices of mand. anterior teeth cut off

patient positioning errors: anterior focal trough

anterior teeth narrow

patient positioning errors: posterior focal trough

anterior teeth wide

patient positioning errors: head turned

posterior teeth wide on one side, narrow on other side

patient positioning errors: slumped posture

anterior teeth obscured by radiopaque image of spine

how are digital images produced?

-X-ray unit is used as radiation source

-Intraoral receptor placed in patient's mouth & exposed to X radiation

-Electronic charge produced on the sensor is digitalized (convert it into digital form) and viewed on a computer

Digital image exposure vs conventional film are reduced by what percentage?

50-90% less radiation exposure compared to film usage

What is a pixel?

-small box/electrons produced by the x-ray exposure are deposited

-digital equivalent to a silver halide crystal

-in an ordered arrangement

what is a grid?

in extraoral imagining; a device to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the film during exposure

what is direct digital imaging?

an intraoral sensor exposed to X radiation and transfers information DIRECTLY to computer

what is indirect digital imaging?

obtaining a digital image from a sensor after exposure to X radiation by a scanner to be viewed on a computer

What does DICOM stand for?

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

Info on a film mount

-Patient's full name

-Date of exposure

-Dentist's name

-Radiographer's name

Labial mounting

-preferred

-films mounted with raised dot facing the viewer

Lingual mounting

depressed identification dot facing the viewer

What is important to note when mounting radiographs?

Curve of Spee

Interpretation vs Diagnose

Interpretation: explanation of what is viewed on image

Diagnose: identification of disease by examination/ analysis

Who can interpret radiographs?

any dental professional with training in interpretation

Purpose of descriptive language

-allows dental professionals to intelligently describe what is seen on dental images and to communicate using a common language

-allows for dental professional to document what is seen on a dental image in ROT in terms of appearance, location, size

What is a pan

extra oral technique; used to examine maxilla and mandible on a single projection

when viewing radiographs it is easier to detect subtle change in density and contrast when

extraneous light is eliminated

You have taken nineteen films and the film holder holds twenty films. What should you do with the empty window frame?

put black opaque paper in the window

according to the text the size of the film mount should correspond to the size of the

view box

who among the following categories of dental professionals is qualified to mount dental radiographs?

dental assistant, dentist, dental hygienist

your radiographs have just exited the processor. When should you mount them?

immediately

mounted radiographs increase

accessibility of interpretation

the film mount should be labeled _______ the films are mounted. A _____ can be used to label film mounts

before; special marking pencil

it is desirable that radiographs be identified with each of the following pieces of info, one is more critical

patients name and date of exposure

with the lingual mounting method, films are viewed from the ______ aspect. The lingual method _____ recommended

lingual ; is not

which 1 of the following is the only member of the dental team who is legally allowed to interpret and diagnostic radiographs

dentist

the lamina dura surrounds the root of the tooth and appears

radiopaque

the ramps of the mandible is a

vertical opaque band

the hamulus of the mandible is located on the

maxilla

what is the name of the anatomical landmark that appears as a J shaped radiopacity in the maxillary molar region

zygomatic process

the alveolar crest is typically located only 1.5-2.0mm below the CEJ and appears

radiopaque

acetates are usually lined with

intensifying screen

what type of radiograph can be used in the dental office that doesn't have a panoramic x ray machine

lateral jaw

which is a condition or artifact on x rays

caries, overhang, eyeglasses, cysts

how is a sensor placed

intramurally

_____ shows the imaging of one layer or section of the body while blurring images from other areas

tomography

what causes a ghost image

Patients who do not remove earrings, dentures, or other radiodense objects (artifact)

a patient should always wear a lead apron _____ a thyroid collar during panoramic exposures

without

Which is a maxillary landmark?

Trabecular Pattern

Symphsis

Condyle

Glenoid Fossa

glenoid fossa

Which of the following does not appear radiolucent on an x ray:

Pulp canals

Periodontal ligament

Pulp chamber

Cementum

cementum

the ____ plane of the patient is parallel to the floor

frankfort

_______ digital imaging requires a scanner/CCD

indirect

which dental specialty routinely uses extra oral radiographs

oral maxiofacial, surgery, orthodontics

_______ and _______ are comparative terms used to compare one structure or substance to another

radiopaque and radiolucent

______ equals a unit of 3D space that a substance or shape occupies

volume

______offers a variety of features to enhance the images for better detection

software

_______ allows the dentist to take x rays and display the image on a computer

digital radiography

the _____ plane is the imaginary line that evenly divides the face into right and left halves

midsagittal

what radiographs are used to assess the patients skeletal structure and profile

cephalometric

the cephalometric radiographs are used mainly by _______ in treatment planning for their patients

orthodontics

on a radiograph a nasal septum appears as a _____ line that divides the nasal fossa

radiopaque

a receptor that is placed in the mouth

-intraoral receptor

-occlusal receptor

-bite wing receptor

without teeth

edentulous

to cole or to bite

occlude

With teeth

Dentulous

a receptor used to examine a large area of the maxilla or mandible in one image

occlusal receptor

a receptor used to examine the entire tooth and supporting bone

periodical receptor

what 2 techniques are utilized for the periodical examination

paralleling and bisecting

what is the purpose of the periodical examination

examine entire tooth crown and root

what technique does the interproximal technique utilize

bite wing technique

what is the purpose of the interproximal examination

examine crowns of teeth in one single image

what technique is utilized for the occlusal examination

occlusal technique

what is the purpose of the occlusal examination

exam large areas on one image

what is another name for paralleling technique

long cone tech, right angle tech, extensions cone, paralleling XCP

intraoral imaging technique used to expose periapical receptors; receptor parallel to long axis

paralleling tech

what degree in lack of parallelism in a shallow palate is allowed before variation is needed

20 degrees or less

what is the variation placement with a shallow palate patient

cotton roles on each side of bite block; vertical angulation

what is reduced when cotton rolls are used to adjust for a shallow palate

periapical coverage

what occurs as a result of vertical angulation

image distortion

what is the primary advantage of paralleling technique

no dimensional distortion

paralleling technique produces an image that has dimensional _____ ; image is free of ______

accuracy ; distortion

the primary disadvantage of the paralleling technique is _______

receptor placement

what occurs if the PID is not centered on the receptor

cone cut

what happens to the image when the object receptor distance is increased

magnification and distortion

what piece of equip is req to hold receptor parallel to the long axis of the tooth in par

beam alignment device

what do the letters X,C, and P refer to

extension cone paralleling

what size receptor is typically used with the anterior Ring XCP instrument

#1

what size receptor is used with the posterior ring XCP instrument

#2

beam alignment devices for use with the paralleling tech. to reduce radiation to the patient

Rinn XCP

why is an increased target receptor distance required

to avoid image magnification

which describes the relationship of the central ray to the receptor in the paralleling tech

90* to the receptor and long axis of the tooth

the receptor and the long axis of the tooth are parallel to each other in parallel tech

true

isometry rule states that 2 triangles are = when they share 1 comp side have 2 unequal angles

false

expose periodical receptors; receptor is placed along lingual surface of the tooth

biscecting angle technique

bisecting technique is preferred over paralleling for exposure of periodical images

false