Ancient Civ Unit 2

Chronology

First peace treaty signed

Order and timeline of Ancient Assyrian empires (early,old,middle,neo-assyrians)

Death of Sardanapalus

Assyrian Genocide

Indus Valley Civilization and their fall

Dancing girl and great bath of mohenjo daro

Oldest mummification remains

First pyramid (pyramid of djoser)

First time Egypt was ruled by foreigners

Battle of megiddo

Amenhotep III and Akhenaton rulership

Discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb

Egypt late period

First peace treaty signed: 1258 BCE

Assyrian empire:

• Early: 2500-2025 BCE

• Old: 2025-1378 BCE

• New: 1392-974 BCE

• Neo: 911-605 BCE

Death of Sardanapalus: 1827 BCE

Assyrian Genocide: 1815 BCE (also coincided with Greek and Armenian genocide)

Indus Valley Civilization: 3300-1300 BCE, evidence of disease around 1900-1700 BCE

Dancing girl and great bath of mohenjo daro: found in 1926, estimated to be made around 2300-1750 BCE

Oldest mummification remains found in Chile with evidence as early as 5000 BCE

First pyramid: 2680 BCE (robbed tomb)

First time Egypt was ruled by foreigners: 1650-1550 BCE

Battle of megiddo: 1457 BCE
Amenhotep III and Akhenaton rulership: Amenhotep from 1386-1349 BCE and Akhenaton from 1353-1336 BCE

Discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb: discovered in 1922 at tomb #KV62

Egypt late period: 664-332 BCE

Hittites

Conquered and originated from Turkey, controlled parts of Mespotamia, and their conflict with Egypt led to the first peace treaty signed in 1258 BCE

Mittani Empire

Originated from Syria and Turkey, had the world’s oldest training mound

Neo-Assyrian Fall

• said to be the end of the Assyrian empire and was caused by surrounding empires

• the fall is told as a legend to other cultures as a consequence about degeneration

• Sardanapalus said to be the ruler, retelling of his death states that his palace and servants were set on fire

What was the goal of the Assyrian Genocide?

To kill Christian Assyrians, done by the Ottoman Empire

Hanging gardens

• made by Nebuchadnezzar II in honor of his home sick wife around 600 BCE

• some say this is false due to it only being tales told by Assyrians and that the real garden is in Nineveh and built by Sennacherib

• selected by Ancient Greeks as one of the seven wonders of the world

Which culture is responsible for the first known instance of “printing”

Indus Valley Civilization

World’s oldest public pool/reservoir

Great Bath of Mohenjo Daro

What do American researchers believe happened to Egypt?

They say that Egypt was stolen to undermine black achievements and that modern-day Egyptian are hiding evidence of black Egyptians

Cleopatra

• ruled Egypt after winning a battle with her brothers over control

• “seduced” Julius Ceaser, later involved with Mark Antony before their defeat at the Battle of Actium

What happens at the end of an Egyptian’s life?

Their lifetime is judged and weighed by placing their heart on a scale against a feather and its determined if they go to the afterlife or their soul is devoured by Ammut

Pharaohs and their wives

• “pharaoh” meaning “great house”, labeled as “king”

• the term was populated by Hebrews and their main role is to preserve the spirit of ma’at

• marriage not encouraged out of their bloodline and they are able to take multiple wives and make political arrangements with their marriages

• pharaoh’s can have a “Great Loyal Wife” which is their wife or their mother

What was the conditon to seal the marriage in Ancient Egypt?

Marriage was sealed when the women showed up to the man’s house with all of her belongings

Why are the largest pyramids reserved for Pharaohs?

Designed to help them achieve eternal life and symbolism of freshness and high power

“I have laid down for myself these rays of yours as a stairway under my feet on which I will ascend”

Hyksos

• name given by Greeks from “heka khastat” meaning “rulers of foreign lands”

• took over Egypt for 100 years but never ruled all of Egypt, took portion of north and ruled alongside 16 and 17th dynasties

• assimilated and became Egyptians in the transition from middle to new kingdom

Founder of 18th century

Ahmose I who came to power at 10 yrs old and married several of his sisters, his chief-wife was his sister and kept Egypt under peace and the Golden Age for 500 years

How did Hatshepsut rise to power?

• Thutmose II dies and leaved Hatshepsut’s step-son in throne who is Thutmose III but he’s too young so Hatshepsut takes over and becomes co-regent and rules as pharaoh for 22 years

• brought peace and stability and improved Egypt’s architecture in many ways, bringing back their trade routes and farming abilities

What happened to the throne after Hatshepsut died?

Thutmose III took over and tries to erase Hatshepsut from history

How did Hatshepsut portray herself as masculine and a male pharoah?

• preferred the pronouns “the king herself” or “his majesty, herself”

• rules as a man and depicted in male images such as her fake bears, male title and headcloth

• historical interpreters say that she first appeared as male with female parts and then later changed

“Napoleon of Egypt”

Thutmose III

Battle of Megiddo

• under Thutmose III power

• important location in ancient world

• crossroads between Hitties in North and Egyptians in South

• intersection of trade routed from Mediterranean eastward to empire of Assyria, Babylon and Persia

Amenhotep III and Akhenaton III

• Amenhotep II was the dad, good ruler and peak of culture and art

• refused “foreign blood” into Egyptian rulership

• Akhenaton (originally called Amenhotep IV) was the son, ruled for 17 years and changed Egyptian traditions and the art of Egypt

• tried to force Atenism on Egyptians and change their beliefs

Tutankhamun

• originally names Tutankhaten, worshipped as a living god

• reigned for 9 years before hid death around 18, due to malaria or an infected broken bone

What happened to power after Tutankhamun’s death?

• power given to Ay

• his tomb was forgotten becuase he died early and had to steal a tomb not designed for pharaohs

Who found Tutankhamun’s tomb?

Howard Carter

Ramses III (Ramses the Great)

• his mummy was moved twice due to grave robbers and he was found in a small wooden box, possible redhead

• reigned for 67 years from 1279-1213 BCE

• outlived 12 of his successors and 3rd king of the 19th dynasty

• inspiration for many people and strengthened Egypt and expanded their boarders to Lebanon

• cut his rival’s penis and hand and put it in town square to resemble his power

• build more monuments for himself than other pharaoh’s and put his name on all of them

Ramses III most famous victory

Battle of Kadesh

What happened at battle of Kadesh?

Ramses III led the army division called Ra, they got surrounded by Hittites and his army group left him surrounded and isolated but the Hittites didn’t kill him so he regrouped with his army and believed to sign a peace treaty to with them to remove the Hittites threat from Egypt

How did the late period come to form?

• “native” rulers took control and concluded that Persians will be effective leaders after the Conquest by Cambyses II, although periods of Egyptians rule after the initial Persian takeover

• Persians will reign until end of the Late Period, which ended with defeat by Alexander III

Duration of Egypt Dynasty

3100 BCE first dynasty began

340 BCE 30th dynasty ended