The Sociology of Education - Key Concepts

Vocabulary flashcards covering core sociological definitions, theories, and concepts from the lecture on the Sociology of Education.

Meritocracy

A system of rewards based on personal attributes within an individual's control (e.g., work ethic) and demonstrated abilities.

Nepotism

The practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives, friends, or associates, especially by giving them jobs.

Ideal Type

A mental construct or thought-exercise, conceptualized by Max Weber, where one observes things of the same type to find their common elements, letting go of specific differences to explain concepts easily.

Structural Functionalism

A sociological theory emphasizing that human behavior is governed by stable patterns of social relations that maintain or undermine social stability based mainly on shared values.

Davis-Moore Hypothesis (1945)

An argument stating that inequality is a necessary and universal feature of all societies because it motivates qualified individuals to fill vital societal roles requiring talent and extensive training.

Human Capital Theory

A theory arguing that education is necessary to improve the economic or productive capacity of a population by equipping citizens with inalienable skills and knowledge.

Grade Inflation

The upward shift in students' grades without a corresponding rise in learning or achievement.

Conflict Theory

A sociological branch initially rooted in Karl Marx's work arguing that society consists of different groups with competing interests that fight for power and resources, emphasizing macro-level patterns of inequality.

Equality

A state of being equal.

Equity

A state of being fair and impartial.

Economic Capital

In Pierre Bourdieu's theory, refers to one's economic resources like money, wealth, and property.

Social Capital

In Pierre Bourdieu's theory, refers to one's social networks and the shared norms, values, and understanding tied to who one knows and associates with.

Cultural Capital

In Pierre Bourdieu's theory, refers to one's skills, tastes/preferences, habits, clothing, mannerisms, and other symbolic elements that reflect class.

Habitus

A key component of Pierre Bourdieu's cultural capital, defined as the deeply ingrained dispositions, habits, and ways of perceiving and acting acquired through socialization within specific social classes.

Hidden Curriculum

A latent socialization process in schools that teaches children to be obedient, punctual, orderly, compliant, and respectful of authority, reinforcing workplace hierarchies.