Development, IQ Testing, and Heredity vs Environment in Intelligence

What is intelligence?

A complex concept that many people recognize but find difficult to define.

Who designed the first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon, on assignment from the French government.

What is the Stanford-Binet test?

An intelligence test that evolved from the original test designed by Binet and Simon.

What are the two types of intelligence proposed by Cattell?

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

How does fluid intelligence change with age?

It declines more with age.

What is crystallized intelligence correlated with?

Openness to experience and verbal skills.

What is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

A theory suggesting that there are various types of intelligences, though criteria are vague and not well-validated.

What is Sternberg's Triarchic Model of intelligence?

A model that includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

What is the relationship between intelligence and cognition?

Intelligence is related to reaction time, working memory, and executive function.

What does the term 'mental age' refer to in IQ testing?

The age level at which a person performs intellectually.

How is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) calculated?

IQ is calculated by dividing mental age (MA) by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

What does the Deviation IQ measure?

It measures how far a person's score deviates from the average score in a population.

What is the reliability of IQ scores over time?

IQ scores show low correlations initially but rise with age.

What is the Flynn Effect?

The observed rise in IQ scores over time, attributed to various factors like schooling and environment.

What is the significance of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project?

It demonstrated cognitive effects of foster care placement on IQ, influenced by age at placement and caregiving quality.

What are common misconceptions about sex differences in spatial intelligence?

The assumptions that differences are purely biological and that there is no malleability.

What is the impact of practice on spatial skills, according to Terlecki, Newcombe & Little?

Simple practice can improve spatial skills significantly, similar to playing Tetris.

What does 'growth mindset' refer to?

The belief that abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work.

What is the main controversy in the genetics vs. environment debate regarding intelligence?

The focus on how much each factor contributes rather than how they interact.

What does the term 'tracking' refer to in education?

Grouping students based on their abilities or intelligence for educational purposes.

What are some educational strategies for gifted children?

Acceleration, tracking, and pullout enrichment programs.

What does the term 'mental retardation' refer to?

A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

What is the relationship between IQ and college admissions tests?

College admissions tests are highly correlated with IQ and can predict college grades.