ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Carboxylate group

Consists of the carboxyl group minus the hydrogen ion.

Functional group

A combination of atoms that confers certain chemical and physical properties on a compound.

Cycloalkane

A ring of carbon atoms with two hydrogen atoms connected to every carbon atom.

Toluene

A non-aliphatic hydrocarbon.

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon

Made by fusing together at least two benzene rings.

Vulcanization

A process in which rubber is treated with sulfur to improve its properties.

Elimination

A reaction in which atoms or groups are removed from adjacent atoms to form a double or triple bond.

Dehydration

A reaction in which the elements of water are eliminated from a molecule.

Alkane

A saturated hydrocarbon.

Soap molecule

Has a nonpolar end and a polar end.

Markovnikoff's rule

Describes the addition of HBr to alkenes, leading to products depending on the orientation of substituents.

Oxidizing primary alcohols

Aldehydes may be prepared by this process.

Citric acid

An acid found in citrus fruits.

Formaldehyde

An aldehyde used as a preservative and a germicide.

Polariscope

An instrument used to determine the effect of polarized light as it passes through the material being tested.

Pyridoxine

Another name for vitamin B6.

Bayer's test

A test for unsaturation.

Substitution reactions

The type of reactions benzene undergoes, rather than addition reactions.

Polyacrylonitrile

Burning of this compound generates HCN.

Polyvinyl chloride

Burning of this generates HCl.

Butyric acid

Found mainly in rancid butter.

Calcium carbide

On interaction with water, it gives acetylene.

Hydrogen bonding

Carboxylic acids and amides have higher boiling points than esters and anhydrides due to this property.

Carbolic acid

Classified as an aromatic compound.

Dacron

A type of polyester.

Denatured alcohol

Refers to ethyl alcohol that has been treated to make it unfit to drink.

Benzene bonds

Each bond in a benzene molecule is between a single bond and a double bond.

Esters

Formed from condensation reactions between alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Ethylene and Baeyer's reagent

Ethylene reacts with alkaline potassium permanganate to give glycol.

Addition reaction

The type of reaction ethylene readily undergoes.

Fermentation

The process of carbohydrates leading to the formation of ethanol.

PVC

HCl reacts vigorously with this compound.

Naphthalene

Contains 18 atoms in a molecule.

Pentane isomers

There are three different isomers of pentane.

Sigma bonds in ethylene

Ethylene has more than 3 sigma bonds.

Hydrogen bonding in water

Forms by attraction between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of another.

Benedict's solution

If an aldehyde is placed in it, it reacts to form cuprous oxide and an acid.

Chlorination product of 1-butene

The product is CH3CH2CHClCH2Cl.

Tollen's test

Used to confirm the presence of aldehydes, expected result is a silvery mirror.

Dehydrogenation reactions

Chemical reactions involving alkenes where halogen atoms can replace hydrogen atoms.

Fatty acids

Carbon atoms are arranged in a straight chain with a carboxylic group at one end.

Stereoisomerism

Denotes a situation in which atoms are linked together in the same order but differ in spatial arrangement.

Oxidation

Involves the removal of hydrogen from carbon-oxygen single bonds or insertion of oxygen in a molecule.

Electrophilic addition

An addition response initiated by an electron-deficient species.

Natural rubber

Obtained from the milky secretion of various plants such as Hevea brasiliensis.

Lemon sourness

Due to the presence of citric acid.

Methanol from methane oxidation

Methane on oxidation with oxygen gives methanol.

Milk souring

Occurs when kept in the open due to the formation of lactic acid.

Organic compound prevalence

Millions of organic compounds but only thousands of inorganic compounds because carbon atoms can combine with four other atoms.

Monomer unit for Teflon

Tetrafluoroethylene.

Most soluble in water

Methanol.

Octanoic acid

The compound CH3(CH2)6COOH.

4-propyl nonane

The name for the compound HCH2CH2CH3.

Natural rubber composition

Natural rubber is polyisoprene.

Polyamides

Nylons are classified as this type of compound.

Most reactive hydrocarbons

Alkynes due to having 2 pi bonds.

Pentane isomer

The structure in problem 16 is an isomer of dodecane.

Combustion of alkanes

One mole of an alkane reacts with excess O₂ to give moles of H2O.

Fuel efficiency type

Isooctane is one of the best fuels that detonates only at high temperature.

Chlorofluorocarbon example

CFC13 is a chlorofluorocarbon.

Oxides and acids relation

Oxides that react with water to form acids are called acid anhydrides.

Penicillin discovery

Discovered by Fleming.

Pentane and isopentane

These are structural isomers.

Petroleum origin

Believed to be formed from anaerobic decomposition of buried plankton and algae.

Stable forms of vitamin A

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid.

Saponification reaction

Involves triacylglycerol reacting with a strong base to form glycerol and soap molecules.

Secondary alcohol oxidation

When a secondary alcohol undergoes oxidation, it forms a ketone.

Styrene

Also known as vinyl benzene.

Teflon composition

Made from the monomer tetrafluoroethylene.

Tetraethyl lead addition

Used to increase the anti-knock rating of petrol.

Formic acid

The acid found in ants.

Ethanol

The alcohol present in alcoholic beverages.

Hydrocarbon isomer

The alkane containing 20 hydrogen atoms must be an isomer of nonane.

Disulfide formation importance

Through oxidation of two thiols, it is important for maintaining protein structure.

Hybridization of carbon in 2-hexene

The hybridization is s + p^2.

Alkyne atoms count

The least number of atoms in alkynes is 4.

Molecular formula for 2-methylhexane

C_{7}H_{16}.

Characteristic reactions of alkenes

The most characteristic reactions of alkenes are addition reactions.

Correct name for 2-methyl-4-hexene

Its correct name is 5-methyl-2-hexene.

Cracking process

The process to transform long-chain hydrocarbons into small chains.

Methane fermentation by wet cellulose

The product obtained is methane.

Collagen hydrolysis product

The product is gelatin.

Markovnikoff's Rule

In the addition of HX to alkenes, the halogen attaches to the doubly bonded carbon with more alkyl substituents.

Triglyceride saponification number

The saponification number of a triglyceride is 200.

Monomers

The small molecule starting materials from which polymers are constructed.

Benzene reaction type

The type of reaction benzene undergoes is electrophilic substitution.

Cyclic alkane identification

If each alkane is a C_{7}H_{14}, then one must be cyclic.

Nicotine source

Tobacco smoke contains nicotine.

Tollen's test function

It is for the presence of aldehydes.

Octane number significance

Used to measure the tendency of the fuel to knock.

Ethers

Class of compounds represented by the formula ROR.

Nylon linkage group

The functional group linking the segments of nylon is amide.

Plasticizers

Molecules that confer pliability on otherwise brittle polymers.

Major product from elimination reaction of 2-bromopentane

Trans-2-pentene.

Enantiomers

Two optically active molecules that are mirror images of each other.

Alcohol dehydration product

When alcohol is dehydrated, it forms an alkene.

Bromine reaction products

When an alkane reacts with Br2, the products are a bromoalkane and HBr.

Ester hydrolysis end products

When an ester is hydrolyzed, the end products are an acid and an alcohol.

Ether oxidation product

When an ether oxidizes, it forms a peroxide.

Ethanol effects

When ingested, ethanol acts as a depressant.