Diversity and Inclusion: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Work-Family Integration

Comprehensive review flashcards covering historical backgrounds, demographic statistics, legal frameworks, employment disparities, and diversity dynamics for Hispanic, Asian American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Multiracial, and White populations, as well as work-family balance and privilege theory.

How does the U.S. Census Bureau define Hispanics?

People who identify themselves as having Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or other Spanish origin or culture, regardless of race.

What is the intended usage of the terms Latinx and Latine?

They are used as gender-neutral or nonbinary alternatives to Latino or Latina.

What was the legal ruling in Mendez v. Westminster School District?

It made the segregation of Mexican children in schools illegal.

What policy affecting Mexican Americans was authorized by President Herbert Hoover between $1929$ and $1939$?

"Repatriation" to Mexico.

Through which legislative act was U.S. citizenship extended to Puerto Ricans in $1917$?

The Jones Act of $1917$.

What $1965$ geopolitical event prompted the first major wave of migration from the Dominican Republic to the United States?

The United States invasion and occupation of the Dominican Republic in $1965$.

What proportion of the total U.S. population do Hispanics comprise, and what is their median age relative to the overall U.S. population?

Hispanics comprise about $20\%$ of the total U.S. population, with a median age of $31.2\text{ years}$ compared to $38.5\text{ years}$ for the overall U.S. population.

Regarding racial identification on the U.S. Census, which Hispanic national origin group is most likely to report as White, and which is least likely?

Cubans are most likely to report as White, whereas Dominicans are least likely to do so.

What audit study finding illustrates selection discrimination encountered by Hispanic job applicants?

$22\%$ of Hispanic applicants were less likely to advance in the selection process than well-matched, slightly less qualified White applicants.

How does shopping enthusiasm among Hispanic consumers compare to the general population?

$56\%$ of Hispanic consumers report being enthusiastic about shopping, compared to $39\%$ of the general population.

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act of $1882$ mandate?

It barred the entry of Chinese laborers into the United States.

What was decided in the $1922$ U.S. Supreme Court ruling concerning Asian immigrants?

The Court ruled that Asians are ineligible for naturalized citizenship.

What action did Executive Order 9066 authorize in $1942$?

It authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

According to Figure 6.1, which Asian national origin group represents the largest percentage of the Asian population in the United States?

Chinese (except Taiwanese), comprising over $22\%$ of the Asian population.

What does a "bimodal distribution" describe regarding the educational attainment of Asian Americans?

It describes the polarization where some Asians are well-educated (often entering via voluntary high-skill migration or "brain drain"), while others are poorly educated (often refugees fleeing homelands).

What negative organizational and societal consequences stem from the "model minority" stereotype of Asian Americans?

It fuels animosity from Whites and other minority groups, masks disparities in education and income, and understates systemic barriers, discrimination, and overt racism.

What are racial microaggressions, and what common example is frequently directed at Asian Americans?

Intentional or unintentional daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that communicate derogatory insults, exemplified by questions such as "Where are you from?" or "Where were you born?"

What is the statutory basis of U.S. citizenship for American Indians born within the country?

The Indian Citizenship Act of $1924$.

What percentage of American Indians and Alaska Natives live on reservations or trust lands, and what is their intermarriage rate?

About $33\%$ live on reservations or trust lands, and their intermarriage rate is $60\%$.

How does legal jurisdiction over employment differ on reservation or trust lands versus off-reservation property for American Indians and Alaska Natives?

Employment on reservation or trust lands is generally governed by tribal regulations rather than federal, state, or local laws; off-reservation, AI/AN individuals are covered under Title VII.

What historical legal convention was known as the "one-drop rule"?

The standard designating anyone with even one Black ancestor as Black.

In which Decennial Census were respondents first allowed to select multiple racial categories?

The $2000$ Census.

What demographic change occurred in the multiracial population between the $2010$ and $2020$ U.S. Censuses?

The multiracial population grew from $9\text{ million}$ ($2.9\%$) in $2010$ to $33.8\text{ million}$ ($10.2\%$) in $2020$, with $20.3\text{ million}$ reporting being Hispanic or Latino.

What did the Vietnamese Homecoming Act of $1987$ establish?

It formalized attempts to bring many Amerasians (children of American servicemen and Asian women born during the Vietnam War) and their families to the United States.

What four mechanisms allowed diverse White European immigrant groups to assimilate into a dominant racial category?

1) Overt actions of the government; 2) Recognition that becoming American meant asserting Whiteness; 3) Intermarriage among White groups that diluted ethnic differences; 4) Invisibility of their ethnicity.

How does the lecture define "symbolic ethnicity"?

An ethnicity that is invoked at will and practiced voluntarily (such as via traditions or celebrations), but carries little meaning or consequence in a person's everyday social status.

What is the "myth of meritocracy"?

The false idea that society's resources are distributed purely according to individual merit, which masks systemic advantages by attributing success solely to personal effort.

How do White women's earnings compare to White men's earnings across all educational tiers?

White women earn between $63\%$ and $76\%$ of White men's earnings.

Who was eligible for naturalized citizenship under the Naturalization Law of $1790$?

Citizenship was granted only to White men.

What was the "family wage" philosophy historically used to justify gender wage gaps?

The belief that men should be paid more than women because men supported dependents, whereas women did not have dependents but rather were dependents.

What does the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) of $1978$ mandate and omit regarding employee benefits?

It prohibits discrimination based on pregnancy and requires it to be treated like other temporary medical conditions, but does not mandate pregnancy-related leaves or benefits.

What rule for filing compensation discrimination claims was enacted by the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of $2009$?

With every discriminatory paycheck issued, a new $180\text{-day}$ statutory filing clock resets.

According to Table 10.4, what percentage of same-sex male couple households have children present compared to female couple households?

$11\%$ of male couple households have children present, compared to $22\%$ of female couple households.

How is "flextime" defined, and what is its core requirement?

Permission to vary start and stop times on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, with the core requirement that employees work a specified minimum number of hours over a set period.

What three work-scheduling challenges disproportionately impact low-wage workers?

Rigidity (lack of input over work and break hours), Unpredictability (schedules or overtime assigned with little notice), and Instability (hour fluctuations and involuntary part-time work).

Who makes up the demographic group referred to as the "sandwich generation"?

Adults who find themselves simultaneously caring for their aging parents and their own children.

How does Peggy McIntosh conceptualize "white privilege" in her $1988$ essay?

An invisible, weightless knapsack of unearned assets, special provisions, tools, maps, guides, codebooks, passports, visas, clothes, compass, emergency gear, and blank checks that light-skinned people can count on daily while remaining oblivious to them.

According to Peggy McIntosh, what parallel exists between men's recognition of male privilege and Whites' recognition of white privilege?

Both men and Whites are carefully conditioned to acknowledge the disadvantages suffered by other groups, but are taught to remain oblivious to the systemic, unearned advantages and conferred dominance they themselves receive.

How does Peggy McIntosh distinguish "unearned entitlement" from "conferred dominance"?

Unearned entitlements are conditions of dignity and belonging that every person in a just society should have by right, whereas conferred dominance gives one group systemic power and permission to control or subordinate others.