Jimin's Science (pt. 1)

Atom

Smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Molecule

Chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond.

Macromolecules

Large molecules typically formed by combining smaller units called monomers.

Organelles

Small structures that exist within cells and perform specialized functions.

Cell

Smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms; lack organells surrounded by a membrane, no nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.

Tissue

Groups of similar cells carrying out the same function.

Organs

Collection of tissues grouped together based on common function.

Organ System

Higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

Organism

Individual living entities.

Population

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area.

Community

Set of populations inhabiting a particular area.

Ecosystem

All living things in a particular area together with abiotic, or non-living, parts of that environment such as nitrogen in soil or rainwater.

Biosphere

Collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth.

What are the levels of organization?

Atoms, molecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Carl Linnaeus

Proposed Hierarchal Taxonomy; Binomial Naming System

Current taxonomy system:

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Types of domains;

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Phylogenic tree:

Diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities/differences in genetic or physical traits or both.

Examples of branches of biological studies:

Many fields/sub-fields, molecular biology, microbiology, microbiology, paleontology, biotechnology, forensic science, bioethics…

Ethics in Biology

No harmful damage, no bias, can afford and consider other factors.

What are the properties of life?

Order, sensitivity/response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, energy processing, evolution.

Order

Living things have structure/organization that differentiates different organisms.

Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli

An organism's reaction to environment (internal and external).

Reproduction

How a cell/organism reproduces.

Adaptation

How an organism “fit” into its environment.

Growth and Development

How and organism grows/develops based on DNA.

Regulation/Homeostasis

An organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment based on external environment changes.

Energy processing

An organism's way to capture, tranform, use energy.

Evolution

Mutations passed on over time to allow organisms to adapt.

Which of the following statements is false?

Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.

Natural Sciences

Fields of science related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes.

The Scientific Method

Method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation.

Hypothesis

Preliminary answer to the question from the observation; based on previous knowledge.

Characteristics of good hypothesis:

1. Specific

2. Testable

3. Falsifiable

Objective data

Important for the scientific method, data that is measurable.

Subjective Data

Data influenced by opinion, values, morals, faith, or aesthetics.

Science uses what kind of data?

Objective.

Step 1 of the scientific method:

Make an observation, which leads to question.

Step 2 of the scientific method:

Create a hypothesis.

Step 3 of the scientific method:

Test the hypothesis by collective objective data.

Step 4 of scientific method:

Compare the objective data to the hypothesis, use statistics.

Step 5A of scientific method:

Support the hypothesis, go back to step 3 to corroborate findings.

Step 5B of scientific method:

Reject hypothesis, go back to step 2 and develop new hypothesis.

Step 6 of scientific method:

Peer review and publish to corroborate findings. Analyze: methods and study design, data, and conclusion.

Goal of science

Better understand the world around us.

Use of science:

Help solve the world's problems and satisfy curiosity.

Theory

Scientifically accepted principle that is based on an enormous amount of data.

What makes up descriptive data?

Record data about variables in existing natural systems; look for relationships among variables. Ex. study of body size vs temperature in 2 species = correlation.

What makes up experimental data?

Manipulation of existing systems so that all variables are constant except one; determing effect of that one variable. Example is drug trials = causation.

Scientific Inquiry:

To know is the goal.

Inductive reasoning:

Form of logical thinking that uses observations to arrive to general conclusions: qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative (number) data to draw conclusions/generalizations.

Deductive Reasoning:

Form of logical thinking uses principle of law to predict specific results.

Descriptive Science:

Observe, explore, discover

Hypothesis-based science

Begins with specific question/problem and potential answer/solution that can be tested.

Hypotheses can…

Never be proven, only supported or rejected.

Basic Science:

Seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge.

Applied science:

Aims to use science to solve real-world problems.

Serendipity:

Fortunate accident or a lucky surprise.

Reporting scientific work is what?

Communicating and collaborating with other scientists to move forward, ex. peer reviewed journals.

Macromolecule

A large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules.

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living”:

Cell.

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most complex to the least complex level?

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism.

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a:

Hypothesis.

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion?

Inductive reasoning.

How can biology be studied from a microscopic approach to a global approach?

Give an example of how applied science has had direct effect on your daily life.

Control group

Recieves a placebo that looks like drug but is inactive; gives us something to compare to.