Ch. 4 part 3

Repertoire

All the behavior an organism is capable of emitting on the basis of species and environmental history.

Shaping

The method of successive approximation or ___ may be used to establish a response. This method involves the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to the final performance.

Successive Approximations

is a method of gradually guiding behavior by reinforcing actions that increasingly resemble a desired behavior

Behavior Variability

Refers to the animal’s tendency to emit variations in response form in a given situation.

Ontogenetic Selection

The selection of operant behavior during the lifetime of an organism is ___. The process involves operant variability during periods of extinction and selection by contingencies of reinforcement.

Cumulative Recorder

Refers to a laboratory instrument that is used to record the frequency of operant behavior in real time (rate of response)

Cumulative Record

is a real-time graphical representation of operant rate. Each response produces a constant upward increment on the Y-axis, and time is indexed on the X-axis.

Ad Libitum Weight

The body weight of an organism that has free access to food 24 h a day.

Extinction

involves the breaking of the contingency between an operant and its consequence.

Extinction Burst

A rapid burst of responses when an extinction procedure is first implemented..

Operant Variability

___behavior becomes increasingly more variable as extinction proceeds. From an evolutionary view, it makes sense to try different ways of acting when something no longer works.

Force of Response

Reinforcement can be made contingent on the force or magnitude of response. Force or magnitude is a property or dimension of behavior.

Response Differentiation

When reinforcement is contingent on some difference in response properties, that form of response will increase

Emotional Responses

Refers to a response such as “wing flapping” in birds that occurs with the change in contingencies from reinforcement to extinction.

Discriminated Extinction

Refers to a low rate of operant behavior that occurs as a function of an S∆.

Resistance to Extinction

Refers to the perseverance of operant behavior when it is placed on extinction

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement

A schedule programmed so that some rather than all operants are reinforced. In other words, an ___ is any schedule of reinforcement other than continuous (CRF)

Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE)

increased resistance to extinction after intermittent reinforcement rather than after continuous reinforcement

Spontaneous Recovery

After a period of extinction, an organism’s rate of response may be close to operant level.

Reinstatement

The recovery of behavior when the reinforcer is presented alone (response independent) after a period of extinction

Renewal

involving the recovery of responding when the animal is removed from the extinction context