Anatomy 1

Name for humerus region of the thoracic limb (upper arm)

Brachium

Name for radius/ulna region of the thoracic limb

Antebrachium

Most proximal part of manus

Carpal

Middle part of manus

Metacarpal

Most distal part of manus

Digits/phalanges

How are mammaries classified in dogs

Cranial Thoractic

Caudal Thoractic

Cranial Abdominal

Caudal Abdominal

Inguinal

Overall: 2 sets of thoractic, 2 sets of abdominal, and 1 set of inguinal mammaries

How are mammaries classified in cats

Thoracic

Cranial Abdominal

Caudal Abdominal

Inguinal

Overall: 1 set of thoraccic, 2 sets of abdominal, and 1 set of inguinal

Name of major arterial trunk in shoulder/scalpular region

Axillary Artery

Note the axillary vein next to it

Name of major arterial trunk in brachium

Brachial Artery

After subscalpular branch of axillary. Name change from axillary

Most proximal branch of the axillary artery

Subscalpular artery

Connects to subscalpularis

Supplies scalpular region

More distal branch of the axillary artery (dog) / branch of subscalpular artery (cat)

Cranial circumflex humoral artery

thinner than subscalpular and brachial

Supplies the upper front leg

Name of major arterial trunk in antebrachium

Median artery

Vein commonly used for venipuncture in forelimb

cephalic vein

cMost distal split of arterial trunk in front leg

Radial artery

Splits off of brachium

Runs medial along radius bone

Muscle in skin

Cutaneous trunci m.

Name for scar on stomach

umbilicus

Name for connective tissue under skin and around muscle

Fascia

Superficial is less dense and deep is more dense

Muscle being pointed to by tweezers

Superficial pectoralis - Transverse

Will be cut and reflected on demo

Muscle being pointed to

Superficial pectoralis - Descending

Will be cut and reflected on demo

Where in the body are pectorals located

Proximal medial side of forelimb.

Medially connects to sternum

Muscle

Deep pectoral

Located just deep to the superficial pectoral

Muscle

brachiocephalicus m.

Located just laterally to pectoralis

Bone here

Clavicular bone (cats only)

Located in brachiocephalicus muscle

Region of brachiocephalicus muscle between clavicle and forelimb

cleidobrachialis m.

Region of brachiocephalicus muscle between clavicle and neck

cleidocephalicus m.

Has 2 heads

Muscle, specific muscle part, and species here

brachiocephalicus

White bit is clavicular intersection, separates it into cleidocephalicus and cleidobrachialis

Clavicular intersection is in dog only

Directly deep to cleidocephalicus

omotransversarius m.

Connects shoulder region to head

Lymph nodes in neck

superficial cervical lnn.

Lymph node in upper arm/armpit

axillary ln.

muscle

trapezius m.

cervical part (cranial) and thoracis part (caudal) - named for the vertebrae they attach to

Triangle-shaped muscle very superficial to shoulder

muscle

rhomboideus m.

along spine directly deep to trapezius

Three parts of rhomboideus m.

capitis, cervicis, and thoracis parts

Muscle

latissimus dorsi m.

long, flat muscle directly caudal to forelimb

Muscle

serratus ventralis m.

Large, fan shaped muscle deep to latissimus dorsi and caudal to forelimb

2 sections of serratus ventralis m.

cervicis & thoracis

Muscle

deltoideus m.

distal to trap

“checkmark” shape

Muscle

infraspinatus m.

Large muscle on lateral side of proximal forelimb deep to deltoideous

Below the spine of the scapula

structure

subtendinous synovial bursa

deep to the distal end of infraspinatus m.

Shiny and has fluid in it

muscle

supraspinatus m.

Large muscle on craniolateral side of proximal forelimb deep to deltoideous and omotransversarious

BUT: above scapula spine

muscle

subscapularis m.

Large muscle on medial side of proximal forelimb.

muscle

Teres major m.

Ventral to subscalpularis

Runs from bottom edge of shoulder blade to the armpit

muscle

tensor fasciae antebrachii m.

Located on medial side of antebrachium. Attach to origin of cutaneous trunci and latissimus dorsi

long, flat muscle

muscle

Triceps brachii m. long head.

caudal side of antebrachium, deep to tensor fasciae antebrachii m.

muscle

Triceps brachii m. medial head.

muscle

Triceps brachii m. accessory head.

Located deep to lateral head, or wedged between medial and long head when looking at it from medial plane.

muscle

Triceps brachii m. lateral head.

on lateral side of antebrachium

muscle

anconeus m.

located on lateral side of elbow joint.

muscle

brachialis m.

Located on lateral side of antebrachium, ventral to triceps lateral head

muscle

biceps brachii m.

medial side of antebrachium

deep to pectoralis

structure

transverse humeral retinaculum

bit of connective tissue on proximal side of biceps brachii and distal side of subscalpularis

nerve

suprascapular n.

runs cranially around scalpula

nerve

musculocutaneous n.

runs along caudal aspect of biceps

nerve

medial n.

runs along to brachial artery

nerve

ulnar n.

connects to elbow

nerve

radial n.

huge nerve that goes into triceps

you can see it if you cut the lateral head of triceps

splits into 2 branches under triceps

nerve

axillary n.

splits from radial nerve really close to trunk

Muscles that cross the shoulder joint

deltoideus

infraspinatus

supraspinatus

subscapularis

teres major

long head of triceps brachii

Which side is the extensor surface of limb

craniolaterally (top)

which side is the flexor surface of limb

caudomedially (bottom)

hip bone name and region

os coxae / rump

thigh bone

femur

middle leg region name / bones

crus / tibia (longer, front) & fibula (smaller, back)

hind paw lowest region and bones

pes / tarsus (hock), metatarsal bones, and phalanges (digits)

Muscles that cross the front elbow joint

Brachialis

Biceps Brachiii

Triceps brachii

ONLY extrinsic muscle in hind limb

iliopsoas m. Everything else is intrinsic

Major muscles attaching to fascia lata

tensor fasciae latae and the biceps femoris

Clinical significance of fascia lata

Helps stabilize hips and knees, attach muscles, and helps with propulsion

Tissue can be used to repair hernia

veins commonly used for venipuncture in the hind limb

lateral saphenous vein in dog and medial saphenous vein in cat

Name for lymph node of back leg and general location

popliteal lymph node

located behind the stifle (knee)

Summarize how hind limb attachment to the trunk differs from the forelimb.

Back limbs are connected via bone attachments, which give more strength and less flexibility than front limbs, which are connected via muscle attachments.

major muscle groups contributing to the common calcanean tendon

Gastrocnemius, Superficial digital flexor

soleus in cat

front shoulder region nerves for extensors and flexors

flexor: Axillary nerve

extensor: Suprascapular

front brachium region nerves for extensors and flexors

Flexor: Musculocutaneous nerve

Extensor: Radial nerve

front antebrachium region nerve for extensors and flexors

flexors: Median nerve and ulnar nerve

extensors: radial nerve

front manus region nerve for extensors and flexors

flexor: Median nerve

extensor: Radial nerve

Main functional difference between Extrinsic Muscles and Intrinsic Muscles

extrinsic: Gross motor movements, force production, large joint actions

Note: when under weight, need muscle activation and tissue stiffness to prevent the joint from collapsing inward. The extrinsic muscles transition from simple "movers" to primary load-bearing

Intrinsic: Fine motor control, precise stability, micro-adjustments

muscle

extensors of the digits

in the middle of the dorsal plane of front leg

muscle

extensors of the carpus

on craniolateral side of front manus, on outside of the digit extensors

structure

extensor retinaculum

band of connective tissue that holds down extensor tendons as they pass into the manus

muscle

flexors of the digits

on bottom side of paw in middle

muscle

flexors of the carpus

on bottom side of paw on outside

structure

flexor retinaculum

where flexor tendons pass to manus

structure

carpal canal

area in manus where nerves, blood vessels, and tendons cross the manus

on bottom side of paw, under flexor retinaculum

muscle

interossei muscles

located below flexor tendons on bottom side of paw.

ligament

lateral elastic ligament

on cats only

lateral side of toes

used for claw retraction

ligament

dorsal elastic ligament

dorsal side of toe

2 in dog, 1 in cat usually

ligament

palmar annular ligament

goes across base of toe on bottom side of paw

holds tendons in place

ligament

digital annular ligaments

horizontal on toe in about the middle of the toe on bottom side of foot

vein

cephalic

vein

accessory cephalic

branch of cephalic that comes off in antebrachium

vein

median cubital v.

branches off cephalic in brachium (further up than accessory cephalic)

describe attachment of common calcanean tendon to tuber calcanei (heel bone)

Gastrocnemius Tendon: proximal (top side) of tuber calcanei

Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon: runs over gastroc. tendon and broadens to form a cap over the tuber calcanei. calcaneal bursa sits underneath this tendon to cushion it from the underlying gastrocnemius tendon.

biceps femoris (lateral tract), gracilis, and semitendinosus (medial tract) muscles: insert on the sides/plantar aspects of the calcanei

main arterial trunk in thigh (femoral) region

femoral artery

main arterial trunk in crus (tibial/fibular) region

Cranial Tibial Artery

main arterial trunk in pes (foot) region

dorsal pedal a. (p)

borders of femoral triangle

cranial: Sartorius muscle

caudal: pectineus and adductor muscles

proximal: inguinal ligament / groin crease

clinical importance of femoral triangle

easily palpable region with strong pulse

landmark for blood vessels and nerve

main nerve of the hip area

femoral n.

main nerves of thigh area

cranially: femoral

caudally: sciatic

main nerve of crus (lower leg/tibia/fibula)

lateral: fibular nerve (left, side of leg)

caudal: tibial n. (right behind tibia, dives into muscle on lateral side)

note: both are branches of sciatic nerve