ANS 434 Quiz 3

amenorrhea

absence of menstrual cycle

angiogenesis

development of new blood vessels

anovulatory estrus

expression of estrus without ovulation

apoptosis

programmed cell death occurs as during luteolysis

anestrus

absence of estrous cycles or a period of sexual inactivity between two breeding seasons

antrum

a cavity formed by separation of follicular cells, within which lies the oocyte; it is lined by the mural granulosa cells and contains the follicular fluid

atresia

degenerative changes undergone by unruptured follicles in the ovaries

bartholin’s glands

a pair of female glands homologous to the bulbo-urethral glands of the male; located on each side of the urethral orfice; they secrete a lubricating mucus into the vestibule

cervical os

opening of the cervix

contralateral

refers to being on the opposite side

cumulus cells

granulosa cells located in the vicinity of the oocyte

cyst

a vesicle or sac containing a fluid or semisolid substance

dilate

to distend/widen beyond normal limits

edema

the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body

endometrium

inner layer of the wall of the uterus consisting of the epithelial lining of the lumen, the glandular layer, and the connective tissue

estrous cycle

a defined period of sexual receptivity; length is determined by the interval from one estrus to the next

estrus

the period of sexual receptivity during which a heifer or cow will stand to be mounted

stages of follicular waves

• recruitment

• selection

• dominance

gamete

a germ cell of either sex (sperm or ovum/egg)

hyperemia

excess of blood in any part of the body

hypertrophy

excessive increase in size of an organ or tissue

hyperplasia

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue

ipsilateral

refers to being on the same side

luteal phase

stage of the estrous cycle when the corpus luteum is active and progesterone influence predominates

luteolysis

the process of corpus luteum regression and death

maternal recognition of pregnancy

the process by which the embryo signals its presence to the mother

menopause

termination of menstrual cycles due to a decrease in the population of ovarian follicles below a threshold level

menstrual cycle

reproductive cycle occurring in humans and some other species of primates in the absence of pregnancy

menstruation

regular sloughing of the endometrial lining that occurs near the end of a nonpregnant menstrual cycle

mural granulosa cells

make up the wall of the Graafian follicle

myometrium

the muscular substance of the uterus consisting of three layers - internal, circular, external longitudinal layer -and separating these, the vascular layers

necrosis

form of cell death resulting from damage to the cell or tissue

oogenesis

the cell divisions, including meiosis, through which the germ cells of the female pass before they are mature and ready for fertilization

oocyte

a mature female gamete which is analogous to the male gamete

ostium

opening of a tubular organ such as the oviduct

periovulatory

occurring around the time of ovulation

phagocytosis

the engulfing of microorganisms, cells, or foreign particles by certain cells

polyploidy

the state of possessing more than two full sets of homologous chromosomes in each somatic cell

portal system

set of blood vessels carrying the blood between two organs, for example from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary or from digestive organs and spleen to the liver

progestational

phase of estrous cycle when the corpus luteum is active, and the endometrium is under the influence of progesterone (same as luteal phase)

puberty

refers to a development process during which a species attains the ability to reproduce

silent ovulation

ovulation without estrus behavior

stigma

the site of follicular rupture on the graafian follice wall at ovulation

stroma

the tissue that makes up the framework, ground substance, or matrix of an organ

unilateral

refers to being on the same side

vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina

vitellus

cytoplasm of an oocyte

vitelline membrane

the plasma membrane of the oocyte

zona pellucida

a thick mucoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte