b6 transport in organisms

xylem

carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves, also supporting the plant. made of dead cells with no cross walls, forming a continuous hollow tube supported by a material called lignin

phloem

carries food substances, mainly sucrose and amino acids, both ways in a plant, for storage or for immediate use in growing regions. contains walls on the inside

transpiration

water being pulled up the xylem through the roots due to water molecules experiencing forces of attraction when they evaporate from the palisade cells into the air pockets, escaping through the stoma, amount of loss controlled by guard cells opening/closing the stoma

how does water effect sturdiness

high water potential in the soil causes the cells to become turgid and experiencing turgor pressure that support the plant. low water potential causes the cells to become flaccid and causes the plant to wilt

factors that affect transpiration and how

heat(more kinetic energy causes the particles to diffuse out of the stoma faster), wind(vapour around the leaf is swept away maintaining a high concentration gradient increasing diffusion), humidity(humid air around the leaf means a low concentration gradient so diffusion is slower)

translocation

movement of sucrose and/or amino acids through the phloem form a source to a sink(organs can be both sinks and sources, like growing leaves)

circulatory system

system of blood vessels and a pump, the heart, that keep blood consistently flowing in one direction using valves

fish v mammal circulatory system

fish have a single circulatory system were the blood gets pumped to the gills to get oxygenated and then around the entire body strait away. mammals have a double circulatory system, were one handles deoxygenated blood going to lungs and one handles oxygenated going around the body. double circulatory system allows for higher pressures in the system supplying blood to the body which increases rate of oxygen delivery which is important to maintain body temperature

path of blood from and to body

out of the body from vena cava into the right atrium, through one way atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle, into the lungs via the pulmonary artery through one way semilunar valves from the right ventricle, into the left atrium through pulmonary vein, into the left ventricle through another atrioventricular valve, and into the body via the aorta through a semilunar valve

how does your heart rate raise

more co2 concentration due to more respiration detected in blood by receptors in arteries that send impulses to the brain that in turn makes the heart beat more frequently and with more force.

structure of an artery

narrow lumen surrounded by thick muscular walls to contain the pressure of the oxygenated blood going around the body

structure of a vein

wider lumen and thinner walls due to lower pressure, with valves to limit flow of blood one way

name of vessels going to kidneys

renal artery/renal vein

name of vessels going to liver

hepatic artery/hepatic vein

red blood cells

contain haemoglobin that binds to oxygen to deliver to cells. biconcave disk shape

white blood cells

phagocytes than engulf pathogens through phagocytosis to destroy them, small nucleus. lymphocytes produce antitoxins and antibodies

platelets

small bit of cells with no nucleus that plug wounds to reduce bleeding and stopping pathogens from entering

proteins in clotting

fibrinogen is a soluble protein that gets turned into an insoluble mesh of the protein fibrin that forms a net for the platelets to cluster on

plasma, 9 things in it

straw colored liquid that carries about everything in your blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, carbon dioxide, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, ions, hormones, urea(waste)