Lab Practical #2

Medulla

The innermost layer of the hair shaft, made up of soft cells and air spaces.

Dead

Cortex

The middle layer of the hair shaft that gives hair its strength, color, and texture.

Dead

Cuticle

The outermost layer of the hair shaft, made of overlapping scales that protect hair.

Dead

Follicle

A small tube-like opening in the skin where hair grows from.

Alive

Papilla

A small structure at the bottom of the hair follicle that supplies nutrients and blood to help hair grow.

Alive

Eccrine

Sweat glands

Produce watery sweat that helps cool the body down and regulatebody temperature.

Apocrine glands

Pheromones

Release thicker sweat, mainly in the armpits and groin. Bacteria break itdown, which can cause body odor.

Inframammary fold

The crease underneath the breast where it meets the chest.

Lobes

Sections of the breast that contain milk-producing structures.

Lobules

Small groups of glands that produce milk.

Avoli

Tiny sacs that actually make and release milk.

Lactiferous ducts

Tubes that carry milk from the lobules toward the nipple.

Adipose tissue

Fat tissue that gives the breast its size, shape, and cushioning.

Cooper's ligaments

Bands of connective tissue that support the breast and help hold its shape.

Pectoralis major muscle

The large chest muscle located underneath the breast.

Lymph nodes

Help filter fluid and fight infection. Many breast lymph vessels drain toward thearmpit lymph nodes.Estrogen

Estrogen

Promotes breast development and growth of milk ducts.

Prolactin

Stimulates milk production after childbirth.

Oxytocin

Causes milk to be released from the breasts through the nipples.

Arrector pili muscles

Tiny muscles attached to hair follicles that contract and cause the nipplearea to become raised or bumpy.

Thelarche

The beginning of breast development, usually the first sign of puberty in girls.

Letdown

The release of milk from the breasts caused by the hormone oxytocin.

Weaning

The gradual process of stopping breastfeeding or reducing a baby's dependenceon breast milk.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original location to other parts of the body.

Axillary lymph glands

Lymph nodes located in the armpit that filter fluid and are importantin breast cancer because cancercells can spread to them.

Process

A projection or bump sticking out of a bone.

Tuberosity

A large, rough bump where muscles or ligaments attach.

Tubercle

A small rounded bump where muscles or ligaments attach.

Trochanter

A very large bump found only on the femur (thigh bone).

Crest

A raised ridge of bone.

Line

A small, narrow ridge of bone.

Spine

A sharp, pointed projection of bone.

Epicondyle

A bump located above a condyle.

Condyle

A rounded surface where bones meet to form a joint.

facet

A small, smooth, flat surface where bones connect.

Head

A rounded end of a bone that forms a joint.

Neck

A narrow area connecting the head to the rest of the bone.

Ramus

An arm-like branch of a bone.

Fossa

A shallow depression or hollow in a bone.

Sulcus (groove)

A narrow groove that allows nerves or blood vessels to pass.

Foreman

A hole in a bone that allows nerves and blood vessels through.

Fissure

A narrow, slit-like opening in a bone.

Canal (meatus)

A tunnel-like passage through a bone.

Sinus

An air-filled space inside a bone.

Notch

An indentation or cutout along the edge of a bone.

Alveolus

A small socket or cavity, such as a tooth socket.

Red Marrow

Produces blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) andis found mainly in flat bonesand the ends of some long bones.

Yellow Marrow

Stores fat for energy and is found mainly in the hollow center (medullarycavity) of long bones.

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels by helping store calcium in bones.

Parathyroid Hormone

Raises blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones.

Avulsion fracture

A tendon or ligament pulls off a small piece of bone.

Stress fracture

A tiny crack caused by repeated pressure or overuse.

Perichondrium

A tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds most cartilage, protects it, and supplies nutrients to help it grow and repair.