bmi 1

This set of flashcards covers key terms and concepts from the lecture on biomedical instrumentation, focusing on ECG, EEG, and EMG.

ECG

An electrocardiogram records the heart's electrical activity using electrodes placed on the skin.

Electrophysiology

The study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.

Depolarization

The electrical activation that triggers muscle contraction.

Repolarization

The electrical recovery phase of the heart muscle.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time.

The ecg grid and heart rate calculation

Systematic ecg interpretation

Arrhythmias

Irregular heart rythms like atrial fibrillation,atrial flutter and ventricular tahcyrdia

Ischemia/infarction

ST depression and t wave inversion

Tall tented t waves

Hyperlakemia

Prominent u waves

Hypokalemia

Conduction blocks

Prolonged PR intervals or wide QRS complexes may indicate AV blocks or bundle branch blocks

Heart Rate Calculation

The process of determining the heart rate from an ECG strip.

Rating Systematic ECG Interpretation

A structured approach essential for accurate ECG interpretation including rate, rhythm, axis, intervals, and waves.

Pathological Q waves

Abnormally large Q waves indicating a history of myocardial infarction.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A non-invasive method to record the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp.

Post-Synaptic Potentials (PSPs)

The electrical signals resulting from neurotransmitter activity at the synapse.

Methodology and equipment

Delta (0.5-4 hz)

Deep sleep, normal in infants abnormal in awake adults

Theta(4-7hz)

Drowsiness, relaxation, deep meditation, normal in children

Alpha(8-13hz)

Relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed

Beta (13-30hz)

Alertness, active concentration, mental activity

International 10-20 system

A standardized method for placing electrodes on the scalp in EEG.

Montages

Combinations of electrode pairs used in EEG to localize brain activity.

Sleep Disorders in EEG

Used to define sleep stages with characteristic brain wave patterns.

Clinical applications and interpretations of eeg

Electromyography (EMG)

A diagnostic technique for evaluating muscle electrical activity.

Motor Unit (MU)

The fundamental unit of muscle function consisting of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

Motor Unit Action Potential (MUAP)

The combined action potentials from a motor unit during muscle contraction.

Surface Electrodes

Non-invasive electrodes placed on the skin to measure general muscle activity.

Needle Electrodes

Invasive electrodes inserted into the muscle for localized recording.

Signal Processing in EMG

The techniques used to filter and analyze EMG signals for useful information.

Biofeedback

A technique providing patients feedback on muscle activity to improve control.

Nueromuscular diseases

Carpal tunnel syndrome and other entrapment syndromes

Muscular dystrophy and myopathies

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Peripheral nueropathies and radiculopathies

Abnormal Electrical Activity in Muscles

Detections of atypical signals indicating pathological conditions.

Ischemia

A condition in which blood flow is restricted or reduced in the heart.

Atrial Fibrillation

An irregular and often rapid heart rate that can increase the risk of strokes.

Rehabilitation

Therapeutic strategies to restore function and resilience after injury.

Heart Rhythm Regularity

The assessment of whether the heart beats at regular intervals.

Action Potential (AP)

An electrical impulse that travels along a neuron or muscle fiber.

Clinical Applications of EEG

Utilized to diagnose conditions affecting brain function.

Regulatory Standards

Guidelines like FDA, ISO, and CE marking ensuring safety in biomedical devices.

Electrical Axis

The average direction of electrical activity in the heart.

Arrhythmias

Irregular heart rhythms that can affect the heart's ability to pump blood.

ECG Waves

Components like P wave, QRS complex, and T wave that reflect heart activity.

Voltage Fluctuations in EEG

Very small changes in voltage measured in microvolts (µV) during brain activity.

Signal Characteristics in EEG

Descriptions of the recorded brain activity waveforms.

Photic Stimulation

Using strobe lights to trigger brain activities during EEG tests.

ECG Interpretation Steps

Methods to analyze heart signals based on various parameters.

ST Segment Depression

A downward shift in the ST segment suggesting myocardial ischemia.

Electrode Placement

The positioning of electrodes according to standard systems for consistency.

Artifacts in EEG

Non-brain signals like muscle activity or environmental noise affecting recordings.

Processing Techniques in EMG

Methods to enhance EMG data quality for better interpretation.

Clinical Use of EMG

Utilized for diagnosing neuromuscular disorders and assessing muscle function.

Regulatory Compliance in Biomedical Engineering

Adherence to standards ensuring safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Biometric Signals

Electrical signals from biological entities measured for medical diagnosis.

Cardiac Conditions Diagnosis

Diagnosis of heart-related issues using ECG and other biomedical signals.

Next Class Focus

The upcoming topic will be on measurement techniques in medicine.

P wave

Atrial depolarization

PR INTERVAL

Qrs complex

ST SEGMENT

T wave

QT interval