BU TREES 1105 MIDTERM

25-30 kcal/day 10^15

Global demand of food

abdaxial part of a leaf

lower domain of the leaf consists of an epidermis with abundant stomata and spongy mesophyll cells, which function in gas exchange and the regulation of transpiration. The leaf vasculature is also aligned along the adaxial-abaxial axis, with xylem tissue differentiating adaxially and the phloem abaxially.

adaxial part of the leaf

upper surface of leaf has a bunch of chloroplasts

9 billion

# of people on this earth is projected to increase to over ? by 2020

1. a less predictable planet in terms of production of food has been limited because of less predictable climate patterns.

2. aging populations has resulted in increased demands for foods that create certain positive health outcomes

3. choosey customers are creating a demand for food that fits more specific lifestyles.

4. there is only one world where food and drink business have become globalized making competition more volatile.

5. smarter food chains are becoming more cognicent of waste and creating low waste friendly products

What are the 5 global mega trends?

Coleochaetales

According to the "Multigene Phylogeny..." article, which group of algae share the most recent common ancestor with land plants?

NO

Are trees monophyletic

Look for the bud

How do you determine if a leaf is simple or compound?

Truncate

This leaf would be described as one with a ____ apex

2%

What is the approximate percent error between the field measurement (known) and the digital map measurement for the following tree?

Canopy diameter measured in the field = 15 meters

Canopy area measured on Google Earth Pro = 180 m2

100x

On the compound microscope, what is the total magnification when viewing a specimen under "medium" power objective lens?

Low (4x)

When focusing on a specimen using the compound microscope, which objective lens should you always begin with?

4250

The Field of View for a compound microscope under the 4X objective is 4.25 mm.

How many microns is this?

425 µm

If the Field of View for your compound microscope using the 4X objective is 4.25, what is the field of view when using the 40X objective?

73

What is the approximate length of a cell (in µm) if 22 cells line up end to end across the 10X field of view.

Note: The FOV using the 4X lens is 4.0 mm.

dissecting (stereoscopic) microscope

When viewing a whole leaf specimen under a microscope, which microscope would you need to use?

True

According to the information presented by Dr. Bergmann, plants and animals have similar genetic processes related to development.

auxin

for pre-lab 4, researchers at the Max Planck Institute are determining how leaf shape develops. The main process for making leaflets or serrations involves _______________.

What is auxin?

A growth hormone found in the roots and shoots of plants. It controls the growth of plants in response t light, gravity and water.

Arabidopsis

What is the Genus name of the plant used as a model organism and discussed in the pre-lab videos?

contact Ms. Bracey and Ms. Syharat as soon as possible.

According to the syllabus, if you miss a lab you should:

False

The compound microscope has a larger working distance than the dissecting microscope.

36

What is the approximate length of a cell (in µm) if 11 cells line up end to end across the 40X field of view.

Note: The FOV using the 4X lens is 4.0 mm.

24%

Calculate the percent difference between the following two measurements:

ImageJ guard cell length: 100.09 µm

MotiConnect guard cell length: 127.65 µm

asymmetrically

During leaf development, the meristem tissue divides ________________, producing one daughter cell that is just like the mother and another cell that differentiates into guard cell precursors.

cell movement

Which of the following happens in animal development but not plant development? Select all that apply.

green

This still shot of leaf development illustrates different genetic states of the green, black, and blue cells. Which cells are the stem cells?

mouth

The Greek work "stoma" means

FAMA

Which of the regulator proteins (Transcription Factors) makes sure that only 2 guard cells are produced per stoma?

SCREAM 1 and 2

The regulators of stomata development, MUTE, SPEECHLESS and FAMA all share protein partners to become "master regulators". The partners are called

100

Convert 0.0001 stomata/µm2 to stomata/mm2

FACS

Which of the following techniques separates cells based on fluorescently labeled tags?

Binds to 1000s of promoters

DNA binding proteins may bind in association with a few to thousands of genes. Which type is Speechless?

Petal, Carpel, Stamen

If gene A is non-functioning, which flower parts will be present? Choose all that apply.

Pavement cells only

In the figure above, what results from a mutation in the Speechless (SPCH) gene?

DNA binding motif

What is a bHLH (basic Helix Loop Helix)?

meristemoid mother cell (MMC)

In the stomatal development pathway above, what would result without "SCRM/SCRM2"?

60

Convert 0.00006 stomata/µm2 to stomata/mm2

transpiration

Part 3 of the Stomata development iBIO seminars describes the power that drives water up a tall tree as

desert plants

Thinking about the function of stomata, which plants in general should have fewer stomata?

no

Do plants normally live at gMAX conductance?

how to find stomata density

Dr. Bergmann suggests that we make stomata impressions using nail polish in order to calculate stomal density.

how does stomata adapt to its environment?

A mix of changing stomal densities, leaf type, and its root system.

spring and summer

Watch the CO2 movie in the module. When are CO2 levels the lowest in the Northern hemisphere?

nano sensors

New work by a group of researchers at MIT designed a new way to monitor the stomata under drought conditions. This method uses

RuBisCO

In the "3 Ways Trees Can Save the Climate" video, what enzyme in plants is discussed that is responsible for binding CO2 out of the air for photosynthesis?

Planting a trillion trees would drastically help humans decrease their carbon footprint, and ensure that the global temperature does not rise by more than 2 degrees. It would also not inhibit or encroach on our agricultural land and thus not impact us too badly socially. It would alos give us the ability to absorb all human made carbon emissions.

What impact would planting a trillion trees have, not just scientifically but socially as well?

8.78

Percent difference is comparing 2 experimental values and dividing by the mean of the 2 values. What would the percent difference be if your field canopy area was 16.05 m2 and your ArcGIS digital canopy are was 14.7 m2?

which of the following are associated with peroxisomal disorders?

Hearing loss, vision loss, central nervous system disorders

NCBI

Which of the following provides direct access to PubMed

When searching for research articles that have medical subject headings, which of the following will best limit your results?

MeSH

Identifying the goal of the problem, the critical features, and a set of strategies to move toward a goal

Planning

What is the correct MeSH term for egg allergy?

egg hypersensitivity

Keeping track of one's current state and progress toward a goal

Monitoring

Assessing one's solution and determining whether it satisfies the goal, as well as reviewing what strategies worked best

Evaluating

order of the stages of metacognition:

1.) Monitoring 2.) Planning 3.) Evaluating

example of peroxisomal disorders

Peroxisome biogenesis disorders, x-linked adrenoluekodystrophy

symbiotic bacteria

Evidence suggests an endosymbiotic evolutionary origin of the peroxisome, meaning that peroxisomes evolved from ___________.

PEX

What types of genes are involved in producing peroxisomal proteins?

tertiary source

What type of source is Wikipedia?

In the first section of the Review we learn about the background of the peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. How are these diseases inherited?

autosomal recessive

fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K

Which of the follow dietary supplements is recommended due to defective bile acid synthesis?

All of these are done in the planning stage

- creating a plan

- understanding the problem

- organizing the given information

- identifying the goal

Which of the following is done during the planning stage of metacognition?

Metacognition is a very active process.

true.

Scientific Writing

What scientific topic was discussed in this week's video?

True

It is important to write down your plan to increase your own accountability and so that you can return to it during future stages of metacognition.

Assessing your progress through the plan

Which of the following was not done in this video to demonstrate the planning stage of metacognition?

True

During the monitoring stage, it is essential that you refer back to your plan that you created. This is why it is important to write it down.

- Understand why you are completing a step

- providing good reasons for completing that step

- explain why each step is bringing you closer to your goal

- stop yourself if what you are doing is not helping you follow your plan or accomplish your goal

During the monitoring stage you should be able to...

Proceeding linearly through the stages of metacognition rather than cyclically

Which of the following was not done in this video to demonstrate the monitoring stage of metacognition?

found at the top of the microscope and are what you look through to view the specimen under study. Dissecting microscopes are always binocular because each ocular views the specimen at different angels through the objective tense to provide a three dimensional image with a large depth of field. HAVE 10X MAGNIFICATION

Eyepiece/ ocular lenses DM

The objective lens extends down from the head of the microscope toward the stage. the total magnification of the dissecting microscope is determined by the magnification of the ocular and objective lenses collectively

Objective lens DM

The arm supports the body tube of the microscope and connects to the base of the microscope

Arm DM

the bottom of the microscope that provides basal support

Base DM

clear, may be frosted white/ black. Dark background increases contrast and allows 3D objects to be seen. To remove, loosen screw and press the supporting end of the plate with a fingertip and the other end will flip up

Stage Plate DM

the levers found on the stage that can help hold the slide or specimen in place

Stage clips DM

Have a transmitted light source and/ or a reflected light source. Many specimens that are viewed on the DM are too thick to observe with light from below the specimen.

Light source DM

light from above

Transmitted Light

light from below

Reflected Light

The dissecting microscope is configured to allow low magnification of three-dimensional objects- objects larger or thicker than the compound microscope can accommodate.

Dissecting Microscope

A compound microscope is an instrument that is used to view magnified images of small objects on a glass slide. It can achieve higher levels of magnification than stereo or other low power microscopes and reduce chromatic aberration.

Compound Microscope

found at the top of the microscope and are what you look through to view the specimen under study. NOT ALWAYS binocular, but ours are. HAVE 10X MAGNIFICATION

Eyepiece/ Ocular Lens CM

connects the eyepiece to the objective lens

Body Tube CM

holds the objective lenses and rotates so that the objective lenses can easily be changed from one power to another

Nosepiece CM

The objective lenses are found on the revolving nosepiece. Most compound microscopes have 3 or 4 objective lenses ranging in the magnification power they can provide. Ours: 4, 10, 40, 100x. 100 is oil immersion and only for bacteria

Objective Lenses CM

located just under the stage and is used to control the amount of light that is reaching the specimen

Diaphragm CM

larger knobs found on either side of the microscope. The coarse adjustment knob is typically used on low and medium power for scanning as well as centering and coarse focusing of the specimen.

Coarse Adjustment Knob CM

smaller knows found on either side of the microscope. typically medium and high power once the specimen has been located and also fairly centered.

Fine adjustment knob CM

allow the stage to be over left and right as well as forward and backward. This makes it easier to position the specimen over the light source so it can be magnified by the objective lens

Stage Control CM

focuses light on the specimen. allows for sharper image compared to a microscope without a condenser lens

Condenser Lens CM

it determines how big an imaged area is and thus is important to measuring densities

the value of knowing the field of view for each objective

FOVlow x MAGlow = FOVhigh x MAGhigh

FOV equation

Total magnification = Objective magnification X ocular magnification. So for 10X objective and 10X ocular, Total magnification = 10 X 10 = 100X

Total Magnification

This height is considered "breast height." At this height, measure around the tree trunk to get its circumference. To calculate the tree's diameter, divide the circumference by Pi, which is approximately 3.14.

Calculating diameter at breast height using the circumference

Why calculation of canopy density in the field is important to our research

So that we can go out on our campus and attempt to find the canopy area to record which might be more accurate than our recordings found using ARC-GIS

Arc-Geographic imaging sequence

arc-GIS stands for what

Allows us to analyze descriptive information and patterns and relationships as well as share data with others interested in our project

Application and value of using GIS for scientific research

A: more accurate, don't have to physically be there D: hard to decipher depth perception

Advantages and disadvantages of using digitized measurement tools

Most journal-style scientific papers are subdivided into the following sections: Title, Authors and Affiliation, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, and Literature Cited, which parallel the experimental process.****

Parts of a scientific paper

Primary research article report of the method and results of an original research study that is published in an academic journal vs review articles review previously conducted data

Primary vs review article