Moeilijke termen / definities Groundschool

For what is alternate fuel used?

To fly towards the DEST ALTN via the DEST

What is the exception for the DEST ALTN planning?

• Flight time less than 6 hours

• Two separate RWYs available and suitable for landing

• Forecasted VIS of > 5000m

• Ceiling (highest of)

  • 2000’'

  • Circling Height + 500’

For what is extra fuel used?

It is determined by the Operator, and usually for expected delays or operational constraints

For what is additional fuel loaded/used?

It is to comply with specific regulations or company requirements, e.g.

• Fuel to fly to the FUEL ERA

• Company (ETOPS fuel, Tankering, Regulator, etc.)

When must MINIMUM FUEL be declared?

Whenever

• Committed to land at specific aerodrome, AND

• Any change to the clearance may result in landing with less than planned FRF remaining

When must a MAYDAY be released fuel wise?

When calculated usable fuel upon landing (at nearest suitable AD) is less than FRF

TSAT and what does it mean? (and what is the timeframe?)

Target Startup Approval Time

• Determined by the AD planning, and is the expected time that the startup is given (pushback, start). It takes into account the CTOT (if that is given) with the taxi time needed.

Timeframe → +- 5 minutes

What is TOBT?

Target Off Block Time

• This is the time that the ground handling estimates that they have completed.

• Whenever the TSAT is missed, the TOBT needs to be changed so a new TSAT can be calculated

What is the EOBT?

Estimated Off Block Time

• This is the scheduled offblock time in the Flight Plan

What is CTOT, what does it mean and who determines it? (+ Timeframe)

The CTOT is the Calculated Take Off Time. It is released by Eurocontrol and is a ‘‘slot’’ so that the aircraft can fly within the airspace.

Slots are released as the airspace is congested, and there might be a small window where the aircraft can fly safely in that airspace.

The window is -5 / +10 minutes

What is RCC6?

Dry RWY, and in the book

‘‘Runway surface free of visible moisture and not contaminated within the area intended to be used

What is RCC5?

‘‘Wet’’ RWY

Runway surface is covered with any visible dampness and water up to and including 3mm deep.

What is RCC4 (and below)

Contaminated RWY

‘‘Runway of which a significant portion (>25%) of its surface area within the length / width being used is covered by one or more of these substances

• Compacted Snow

• Dry/Wet Snow

• Frost

• Ice

• Slush

• Standing Water

• Wet Ice

V1 is

The maximum speed during T/O at which pilot must take first action to stop the aircraft within ASDA, OR

The minimum speed during T/O at which pilot can continue to takeoff and achieve screen height above the surface height within the TODA

V1 must be (speed wise)

• Smaller than VMBE

• Equal or lower to VR

• Higher than VMCG

VR is?

The speed where rotation should be initiated towards take-off altitude

VR cannot be less than

• V1

• VMU + 5% (OEI) / VMU + 10% (AEO)

• VMC + 5%

VR cannot be greater than

• Maximum Tire Speed

What is the definition of V2?

• The takeoff safety speed that must be attained at the screen height at the end of the TODA

• Essentially the N-1 best angle of climb speed, maintained until 400’ above the ground

What must V2 be (speed wise?)

Greater than

• 1g stall speed

• 1.1 VMCA

1st Takeoff Segment

From SCREEN HEIGHT until GEAR UP

• Positive Climb

Second Takeoff Segment

• Gear UP to N-1 leveloff height

  • 2.4% climb gradient requiredT

Third Takeoff Segment

• N-1 leveloff height to flaps retracted

  • Positive Climb

Fourth Takeoff Segment

• Flaps UP → N-1 final climb speed

• 1.2% climb gradient required

What is the Go Around gradient required, and in which configuration?

• 2.5%, and GEAR UP FLAPS 15

  • ONE ENGINE INOP!

When should Engine Anti Ice be turned OFF?

During CLB and CRZ with SAT at or below -40 degrees Celsius

When do icing conditions exist?

When the OAT / TAT is 10 degrees Celsius or below, and

• Visible moisture present, or

• Visibility < 1600m, or

• Standing water, slush or snow

What is needed to enter RVSM airspace

RVSM (FL290 - FL410)

• 2 separate altitude measuring systems

• Altitude alerting system

• AP with ALT HOLD function

• Transponder with altitude reporting system

What is the temperature correction rule?

• 4% per 10 degrees below ISA

On what altitudes is the cold temperature correction made?

• Minimum Safe Altitudes / Heights

• (M)DH and MAA

What is the MSA, what clearance and what is not included?

Minimum Safe Altitude, 25NM around ARP or NAVAID

• 1000’' clearance

• Does NOT include man made obstacles up to 300’

GPWS Colors (Red/Yellow/Green/Black)

Red = 2000 and above

Orange = +2000 to -500

Green = -500 to -2000

Black = Below -2000

250kts PitchPower AEO

2.6 degrees and 62% N1

220kts FUMS PitchPower AEO

5 degrees and 58%

SPD1 PitchPower AEO

5.5 degrees and 60%

SPD5 PitchPower AEO

6 degrees and 60%

SPD15 PitchPower AEO

6 degrees and 70%

SPD 30 / Gear Down PitchPower AEO

1 degrees and 56%

250kts PitchPower OEI

2.6 degrees and 72%

220kts FUMS PitchPower OEI

5 degrees and 68%

SPD1 PitchPower OEI

5 degrees and 70%

SPD5 PitchPower OEI

6 degrees and 70%

SPD15 PitchPower OEI

7 degrees and 82%

SPD30 PitchPower OEI

3 degrees and 70%

What are the GPWS automatic altitude callouts based on?

The minimums set on the CPT side! Make sure you do NOT forget

What are the steps during an interception (QDM/QDR/Radial)

1. Tune Identify Display

2. Current Position

3. Determine Sector

4. Communicate Plan with PM

5. FLY

What are the steps for a holding

1. Tune Identify Display

2. Current Position

3. Determine Entry

4. Reduce SPD to holding SPD

5. Request descent to holding altitude

6. Calculate holding endurance

What are the maximum holding speeds?

Up to 14000 = 230kts

14000 - 20000 = 240kts

20000 - 34000 = 265kts

>34000 = M.83

What should a briefing be?

• Threat-Focused

• Interactive

• Scalable

• Cognitive

What is the reason we start with Threats in a briefing (threat focused)

• Threats considered from different perspectives

• Creates shared situational awareness

  • Law of Primacy: What you hear first has the greatest impact

What makes a briefing interactive?

• Avoids distracted collegues

• Creates ‘‘our leg mentality’’

It can be done by

• Asking questions

• Pointing out items (e.g. NAV setup)

• Dividing checking tasks

Why should a briefing be scalable?

• Kort maar krachtig, lang waar nodig

• Separate important from not important items

• Briefing length depends on experience, familiarity, repetition

Why should the briefing be cognitive with a RECAP at the end?

• Law of Recency

• Primes PM for faster response

G of GTS briefing?

Ground

• Parking position, pushback, taxi route and T/O RWY

What is part of the T in GTS briefing

Take Off Performance

• Anti Ice

• Flaps

• Thrust Reduction + Acceleration Altitude

  • NADP

What is part of the S in GTS briefing?

SID

• Vertical Routing

• Nav Setup

• MSA/MORA

• Transition Altitude

What does the emergency briefing of the departure briefing need to consist of?

• Engine failure contingency plan relative to SID deviation point

• Initial routing altitude and acceleration strategy

• Engine acceleration height (both cases)

• Key considerations (terrain, weather, fuel, overweight landing)

D in DALTA

Descent

• STAR

• Constraints / Vertical Profile

• Fuel status and diversion plan

A (first) in DALTA

Approach

• Expected approach

• Type and modes used

• MAP, Missed Approach Routing

L in DALTA

Landing

• RWY Condition

• Anti Ice

• Flaps

T in DALTA

Taxi In

• First Turn

• Expected exit

A (2nd) in DALTA

Apron

• Taxi to stand

Name an example from an environmental influence

• Weather

• ATC Communications / Services

• Airport Facilities

Name an example of an organizational influence

• Company Pressure

• Company Communications

• Training

• Maintenance

RNAV 10

Long range navigation

RNAV 5

Enroute and Initial STAR segments

RNAV 2

SIDs and STARs

RNAV 1

Approach transition to final approach

RNP 4

High density oceanic / remote

RNP 2

Low density oceanic / remote

RNP 1

SIDs, STARs, Initial, Intermediate and Missed Approach segments

RNP APCH

Final Approach

RNP AR Approach

As RNP Approach, but with additional levels of controls and equipment + authorisation

PBN is expressed in these terms

1. Accuracy

2. Integrity

3. Continuity

4. Functionality

What happens when FTE > ANP/RNP

The bars on the PFD turn amber and an alert starts after 10 seconds

What altitudes do not have to be corrected at an RNP APV approach?

• FAF

• FIX

• MAP

What are the RNP values for

• SID/STAR/Initial Approach

• En Route

• RNAV APP

• Missed Approach

• RNP 1

• RNP 5

• RNP 0.3

• RNP 1

How much ice is allowed on the upper/lower surfaces?

None / Up to 3mm of light coating of frost

What should be done in icing conditions before takeoff?

• Leave flaps up until entering RWY

• Taxi Slowy

• Keep distance between aircraft

• Engine Run Up needed → 30 seconds on 70% N1 each 30 minutes

What should we take into account when taking off in icing conditions?

• Full thrust → No derate

What should we take into account when we have landed in icing conditions?

Keep the flaps in the landing setting until inspected by the ground engineer

What can we do when windshear is expected during takeoff?

• Delay takeoff

• Select the most favorable runway

• Minimum flap setting to increase climb gradient (if possible)

• Use weather radar

• Use maximum takeoff thrust

What should the pilot do when encountering windshear during the T/O Roll? (<100kts)

Reject takeoff

What should the pilot do when encountering windshear in climb?

Alter flight path or fly the windshear escape maneuvre

What should the pilot do when encountering windshear during approach?

• Go Around

• Windshear Escape Maneuvre

What are the steps of the BFM?

1. FLY

• AVIATE / NAVIGATE / COMMUNICATE

• Self Assess

2. ACTION

• Assess

• Action

• Contain

3. MANAGE

• Time

• Decision Making

FLY (BFM)

• Pitch / Power

• FMA

• Set A/P on if possible

NAVIGATE (BFM)

• Lateral Profile

• Engine OUT Procedure

• Terrain Clearance (MSA/MORA)

• Clear of weather?

Self Assess (BFM)

• Handle Startle & Surprise (Communicate, Take breath)

• Check other crew member

Assess

• STATE FACTUAL DATA

• Confirm failure

Both pilots MUST agree before continuing

ACTION (BFM)

• Perform Memory Items

CONTAIN (BFM)

• Time Critical?

• If not

  • Short term plan (3D)

  • ATC call MAYDAY/PANPAN

  • Do NNC

  • Circuit Breakers

  • Normal Checklists

T-FORDEC (BFM)

• Time

• Facts

• Options

• Risks & Benefits

• Decision

• Execution

• Check

TIME (BFM/FORDEC)

• Time critical?

• Fuel endurance

• Determine fuel available for decision making

• Gate + timer

FACT (BFM/FORDEC)

• State observations

• System Status

• Operational Status

• Limitations

Risks & Benefits (FORDEC)

• What are advantages / risks of options

• Time restricted? → Nearest suitable option

Decision (FORDEC)

• Return/Divert/Continue?

• PF takes lead

Execution (FORDEC)

• Make a plan

• Divide Tasks

• Inform

  • ATC

  • Cabin Crew

  • PAX

  • Company

Perform 1 engine inop landing checklist if applicable

Check (FORDEC)

• Critical Thinking!

• Is the decision still correct for the situation? New information?

Engine Fire on Ground Checklist when?

Any engine related fire on ground at gate, pushback, taxi or takeoff

(Engine severe damage? → MEMORY ITEMS!)