IGCSE Geography 09 - changing economies

Primary Sector

Extracts raw materials from the environment, e.g., agriculture and mining.

Secondary Sector

Manufactures goods by processing raw materials, e.g., factories.

Tertiary Sector

Provides services to consumers, e.g., retail and healthcare.

Quaternary Sector

Focuses on knowledge-based services, e.g., research and development.

Low Income Country (LIC)

A nation with a gross national income per capita of $1,045 or less.

Middle Income Country (MIC)

A nation with a gross national income per capita between $1,046 and $4,095.

High Income Country (HIC)

A nation with a gross national income per capita of $12,536 or more.

Employment Structure

Distribution of employment across different sectors in a nation.

Mechanisation

Using machines in production instead of human labor.

Urbanization

The process of people moving from rural to urban areas.

Quaternary Employment

Jobs in knowledge-based or information services.

Bulk Reducing Industry

An industry where the weight of raw materials is greater than the final product.

Bulk Gaining Industry

An industry where the final product weighs more than the raw materials.

Transnational Corporation (TNC)

A company that operates in multiple countries, having headquarters in one.

Globalisation

The process by which businesses and other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Free Trade Agreement

A pact between countries to reduce or eliminate trade barriers.

Containerisation

A system of intermodal freight transport using standard containers.

Tourism

Travel away from home for leisure, recreation, or business with an overnight stay.

Sustainable Tourism

Tourism that meets the needs of present visitors while protecting the environment for future generations.

Ecotourism

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of visitors that a destination can sustainably accommodate.

Multiplier Effect

The phenomenon where an increase in investment leads to increased income and jobs.

Rural to Urban Migration

The movement of people from the countryside to cities.

International Migration

The movement of people across international borders.

Cultural Globalization

The worldwide exchange of ideas, values, and cultural elements.

Environmental Quality Survey

A method to assess the quality of the environment in a specific area.

Economic Fluctuation

Variations in economic activity over time, including growth and recession.

Bipolar Scoring

A method for assessing or scoring multiple variables using a scale.

TNC Evaluation

Assessing the positive and negative impacts of transnational corporations in host countries.

Fieldwork Methodology

Strategies for collecting primary data during geographical field studies.

Trade Bloc

A type of intergovernmental agreement where regional barriers to trade are reduced.

Primary Employment

Jobs that involve extracting raw materials from the environment.

Secondary Employment

Jobs that involve manufacturing and processing goods from raw materials.

Tertiary Employment

Jobs that provide services, including retail and healthcare.

Quaternary Employment

Jobs that focus on intellectual services such as research and IT.

Stable Employment

Worker jobs that are secure and more likely to result in sustained employment.

Economic Dependency

A state where a country relies heavily on another for economic support.

Statistical Data

Quantitative data used to analyze trends and patterns in research.

Tourism Potential

The ability of a location to attract visitors based on its resources and amenities.

Job Creation

The process of developing new jobs in an economy.

Foreign Investment

Investment by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country.

Export Performance

The success and efficiency of a country in exporting goods and services.

Employment Patterns

Trends and changes in job types and distributions across sectors over time.

Living Wage

A wage that meets the basic needs of a worker and their family.

Quality of Life

The general well-being of individuals and societies, encompassing wealth, health, education, and safety.

Tourist Infrastructure

The facilities and services needed to support tourism, including transport and accommodation.

Cultural Heritage

The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society.

Environmental Degradation

The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, and pollution.

Sustainable Development Goals

A universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

Community Engagement

Involving local communities in decision-making processes, particularly in tourism development.

Climate Change

Long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other elements of the Earth's climate system.

Coral Bleaching

The loss of color in corals due to stress from environmental conditions.

Tourism Management Strategies

Approaches to control and guide tourism development effectively.

Market Demand

The desire for a product or service backed by the ability to pay.

Visitor Management

Strategies to control the flow and behavior of tourists at destinations.

Pollution Control Measures

Actions taken to reduce environmental pollution.

Job Security

The probability that an individual will keep their job; a measure of stability in the workforce.

Natural Resource Exploitation

Utilization of natural resources for economic gain.

Urban Planning

The technical and political process of managing land use and development in urban areas.

Transport Links

Connections between different transport modes or routes.

Consumer Behavior

The study of individuals' buying habits and patterns.

Multinational Corporation (MNC)

A corporation that manages production or delivers services in more than one country.

Tourist Experience

The overall experience of a visitor during their stay at a destination.

Seasonality in Tourism

Variations in tourist numbers throughout the year in response to factors like seasons and holidays.

Global Supply Chains

Worldwide networks that a company establishes to source, produce, and distribute its products.

Remote Work

Work that can be done from any location, enabled by technology.

Inclusive Growth

Economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all.

Philanthropic Tourism

Travel that focuses on charitable activities and giving back to local communities.

Data Collection Techniques

Methods used to gather and measure information.

Industry Clusters

Geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field.

Sustainable Resource Management

Managing resources efficiently to meet current needs without compromising the future.

Visitor Satisfaction

A measure of how the needs and expectations of visitors are met.

Environmental Education Programs

Initiatives to inform individuals about environmental issues and sustainable practices.

Social Media Influence

The impact of social networks on behaviors, including travel and tourism decisions.

Cultural Exchange

The process of sharing ideas, traditions, and experiences among different cultures.

Tourism Forecasting

Predicting future trends in the tourism industry based on data analysis.

Impact Assessment

A process to evaluate the positive and negative effects of a project or activity.

Responsible Travel

Travel that has a low impact on the environment and supports local economies.

Waste Management Practices

Strategies for reducing, recycling, and disposing of waste sustainably.

Tourism Marketing Strategies

Plans to attract visitors to a destination.

Local Economic Development (LED)

Strategies aimed at improving the economic well-being of a specific area or community.

Crisis Management in Tourism

Strategies implemented when significant disruptions occur, such as natural disasters.

Cultural Sensitivity

Respecting different cultural norms and practices during travel.

Health and Safety Regulations

Laws and guidelines to ensure the safety of tourists and residents.

Public Relations in Tourism

Managing communication between the tourism industry and the public.

Diversity in Tourism

The inclusion of different cultural, recreational, and economic groups in tourism.

Tourism Policy Framework

Regulations and guidelines that shape how tourism is developed and managed.

Ethical Traveler

A traveler who considers the cultural and environmental impact of their travels.

Adventure Tourism

A niche of tourism involving physical activities and exploration.

Heritage Tourism

Travel directed toward experiencing the historical and cultural heritage of an area.

Ecological Integrity

The state of an ecosystem's health and functioning.

Stakeholder Engagement

Involving all relevant parties in decision-making processes.

Trade Liberalization

The removal or reduction of trade barriers.

Adaptive Management

A systematic approach for improving management by learning from results.

Quality Assurance in Tourism

Measures taken to ensure that tourism services meet certain standards.