spa3101 chapter 6

Articulation

process of joining two elements together

Articulation for speech

process of bringing two or more structures together to form sounds of speech.

In oral cavity, structures that help modify sound for speech

pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, tongue, lips, cheeks

Source-filter theory

voicing source generated by vocal folds, modified by resonation characteristics of vocal tract

Articulators

mobile or immobile, used to produce sounds of speech

Tongue, mandible, velum, lips, cheeks, pharynx, hyoid bone

mobile

Teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge of maxilla

immobile

mandible

lower jaw, most important. houses lower teeth and floor of mouth. Formed by fusion of two bones at midpoint of chin, considered one bone

Hard palate

roof of mouth and floor of nose, part of paired maxillae

Paired maxillae

largest in face, forms entire jaw

Premaxilla

front part of maxillary bone, houses four upper front teeth

Nasal bones

small, make up superior nasal surface and form upper margin of nasal cavity

Nasal cavity joins together with

oral cavity

Palatine bone

posterior ¼ of hard palate, soft palate attaches

Nasal conchae

small scroll-like bones on lateral surface of nasal cavity, portals connecting nasopharynx and nasal cavity

Nasal cavity function

warms, humidifies, filters

Vomer

makes up part of nasal septum

Zygomatic bones

forms the cheek bones

Lacrimal bones

small portion of lateral nasal wall and medial orbit

Hyoid bone

interconnection of phonatory and articulatory systems

Bones of cranial skeleton

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal

Ethmoid bone

core of skull and face

Sphenoid bone

located within the brain case, lesser and greater wings

Frontal bone

bony forehead

Parietal bones

paired bones form middle portion of braincase

occipital bone

posterior braincase

temporal bone

lateral skull

lower dental arch is part of

mandible

Upper dental arch is part of

maxillary

Teeth are located

within the alveoli of the maxilla and mandible

Root of tooth

below surface of gum line

Crowns

visible ⅓ of tooth

Neck of tooth

juncture of crown and root

Pulp

heart of tooth, contains nerve

Cementum

thin layer of bone holds tooth in place

Deciduous teeth

“milk teeth” temporary, erupt around 5 months, push through around 6 to 9 months, replaced

32 teeth

16 in arch, 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar, 6 molar

Central incisors

emerge first followed by lateral incisors

First molars

emerge at same time as cuspids between 15 and 20 months

Second molars

emerge at time of childs 2nd birthday

Occlusion

bringing upper and lower teeth together, proper needed for mastication

Class I occlusion

normal orientation of mandible and maxillae with few millimeters of overbite

Class I malocclusion

normal orientation of molars, abnormal orientation of incisors

Class II malocclusion

retracted mandible, may be product of micrognathia

Class III malocclusion

protruded mandible

Torsiversion

twisted or rotated tooth

Labioversion

tooth tilts toward lips

Linguaversion

tooth tilts towards tongue

Distoversion

tooth tilts away from midline of arch

Mesioversion

tooth tilts toward midline between two central incisors

Infraverted

tooth not erupted sufficiently

Supraverted

tooth erupts too far

Undergoes most change during speech act

oral cavity

Cavities of vocal tract

oral, buccal, pharyngeal

Oral cavity components

hard palate, rugae, median raphe, velum, uvula, faucial pillars, palatine tonsils

Rugae

prominent lateral ridges on hard palate

Median raphe

divides hard palate in half

Velum

soft palate, soft roof of mouth, movable muscle separates oral and nasal cavities

Uvula

terminus of soft palate

Anterior and posterior faucial pillars

sides of velum

Palatine tonsils

between faucial pillars

Buccal cavity

role in oral resonants and high level consonant production, lies lateral to oral cavity between teeth and cheeks

Pharyngeal cavity

has three types, shape altered by constrictor muscles, laryngeal elevation and depression

Velopharyngeal port

part of pharyngeal cavity, opening between oropharynx and nasopharynx

Oropharynx

posterior to fauces, above velum

Laryngopharynx

anterior to epiglottis, inferior to esophagus

Nasopharynx

above soft palate, contains pharyngeal tonsils adenoids, lateral wall contains eustachian tube

Nares

anterior boundary of nasal cavity, floor is hard palate

Lips

facial expression and speech, invested with vascular supply, depends on muscles of face

Parts of lips

cupids bow, philtrum, philtral column, columella nasi

Orbicularis oris

aids in circulating mouth opening

Risorius

retracts corner of mouth

Buccinator

retracts corner of mouth, involved in mastication

Levator labii superioris, zygomatic minor, levator libii superioris alaeque nasi

aid in elevating upper lip

Levator anguli oris

draws mouth up and medially

Zygomatic major

elevates and retracts angle, aids in smiling

Depressor labii inferioris

pulls lip down and out

Depressor anguli oris

depresses corners of mouth

Mentalis

elevates and wrinkles chin, pulls lower lip out

Platysma

depresses mandible

Tongue

occupies floor of mouth, movement depends on own musculature

Taste buds located in

papillae on tongue

Extrinsic tongue muscles function

move tongue in desired direction

Intrinsic tongue muscles function

fine control of articulatory gestures

Dorsum

superior surface of tongue

tip/apex of tongue

most anterior portion

Base of tongue resides in

oropharynx

Oral surface of tongue

2/3 of tongue

Pharyngeal surface of tongue

1/3 of tongue

Root of tongue

pharyngeal portion

Lingual tonsils

below pharyngeal surface of tongue

Lingual frenulum

inferior, tongue tie

Sublingual fold

inferior bottom of tongue

Intrinsic lingual tongue muscles (list)

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

Superior longitudinal tongue muscle

elevates tongue tip

Inferior longitudinal tongue muscle

pulls tongue tip down

Transverse tongue muscle

narrows tongue

Vertical tongue muscles

flattens tongue

Extrinsic lingual tongue muscles (list)

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus

Genioglossus

prime tongue mover