ANSC101 Summative Assessment 2

American kennel club (AKC) recognizes how many groups of dogs?

seven

seven groups of dogs recognized by AKC

sporting, hounds, working, terriers, toy breeds, nonsporting, herding dogs

spontaneous mutation

a change in DNA that creates a new allele

AAFCO

Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)

What does AAFCO do?

Regulatory organization that proces a mechanism for developing and implementing uniform and equitable laws, regulations, standards, and encorcement policies to regulate the manufacture, distribution and sale of animal feed

natrual breeds of cats

breeds selected by human preference or natural conditions specific to a region

human-devleoped cat breeds

breeds tat have been developed from existing breeds or crosses of existing breeds

queen

female cat

cycle of female dog

monoestrous

cycle of queen

seasonally polyestrus

AAFCO 3 Rules of Feed Labeling

95%, 25% “Dinner”, 3% “With”

95% Rule

If an ingredient is in the name of the feed it must comprise 95% of the product (excluding grain)

If water is included it changes to 70%

25% or “Dinner” Rule

Named ingredient must be at least 25% when paired with descriptive term such as “dinner” “platter” “entree” “formula”

If multiple, first listed ingredient should have most quantity

3% or “With” Rule

Feed designated “with” contains at least 3% of ingredient labeled

Ex: Lamb with Liver Dog Dinner should contain 3% liver in addition to minimum 25% lamb w/ term “dinner”

Are calorie statements required on animal food labels?

No

Common Issues in pets

Cancer, Allergic Skin Disease, Pyometra, Endorcine Diseases

Allergic Skin Disease

Often itching that may be accompanied by hair loss and inflammation of skin

Pyometra

Bacterial infection of the uterus in intact females

Cancer

Uncontrolled growth of body cells or tissues affecting nearly any organ system

Endocrine Diseases

Health problems resulting from abnormal function of endocrine system

Productions of rabbit industry

meat-producing, pet, laboratory, hobbist/fancy segments

doe

female rabbit

kit

baby rabbit

buck

intact male rabbit

angora rabbits

wool breed used for wool production

meat type rabbits

new zealand white, californian cinnamon, english spot, champagne d’Argent

rabbits are (digestion wise) __

monogastric, cecal fermenters

bucks should ___ be put in does territory

never

nest box

Environment provided to the doe to give birth to and rear her young for the first few weeks

Should go into does hutch on day 28 of gestation and removed 15-21 days postpartum

common diseases in rabbits

pasteurellosis, mastitis, diarrhea, noninfectious

pasteurellosis

highly contagious bacterial infection in rabbits

how to rabbits react to antibiotics?

unable to tolerate as they interrupt normal intestinal flora

primary operations in swine industry

farrow-to-wean, farrow-to-finish, seedstock (purebred)

farrow-to-wean

breeding herd that produces early-weaned pigs at 10-15lbs or feeder pigs at 35-50 lbs

finishing

feeder pigs grown to market weight

farrow-to-finish operations

a breeding herd is maintained. pigs are produced adn finished for market on the same farm

seedstock operations

specialized farrow-to-finish operations except their salable product is primarily breeding boards and gilts or show pigs

integrated corporate production

generally described as farrow-to-finish and often have their own seed stock production

what is the operation trend in swine?

fewer operations with more swine

what is the purpose of swine industry?

use surplus grain and by-products to produce red meat

swine digestinal cateogry

monogastric omnivores

gilt

female pig that hasn’t yet given birth

sow

adult female pigs

boars

adult male pig

most important country to swine

china

what are the two types of hogs?

lard (fat) type and bacon type

lard type hog breeds

curoc, chester white, poland china

purpose of lard type hogs

developed to get extremely fat to produce the most lard

bacon-type hog breeds

tamworth, yorkshire, landrace

challenges to swine health

scours (diarrhea), PRRS, gastric ulcers

scours

GI irritation that can lead to life-threatening dehydration. common in nursing piglets and growing or finishing pigs

PRRS

upper or lower respiratory infection that may cause reproductive issues

gastric ulcers

GI tract irritation that is rarely fatal but can reduce quality and growth

monogastric

one-stomached animals

monogastric animals

poultry, swine, horses, dogs, cat, fish

ruminants

species that have a rumen

ruminant animals

sheep, goats, dairy/beef cattle, other wild or captive species

what are the two classifications of nutrients

dietary essential nutrients and dietary nonessential nutrients

dietary essential nutrients

required for normal physiological function and must be obtained by diet

dietary nonessential nutrients

Nutrients synthesized by the body in amounts that meet the animal’s requirements

essential nutrients (6)

water, carbs, proteins, fats (lipids), vitamins, minerals

how is feedstuff evaluated

digestibility and palatability

digestibility

used to discover degree to which feedstuff is digested and absorbed by the animal

palatability

used to determine if animals will eat a feedstuff/how they’;; perform; tells what happens but not why

three categories of carbohydrates

sugar, starch, and cellulose ; typically in grains and forages

proteins

compounds made of long chains of amino acids ;primary use in the body is to make up new tissue

fats

important for the transport of fat soluble vitamins; on average contain 2.25x more energy than carbs

water

most important nutrient but does not provide energy

monogastric digestion tract (in order)

mouth/esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine

enzymes

proteins capable of catalyzing reactions associated with a specific substrate

Cellulase

the enzyme that aids in the digestion of cellulose

mastication

chewing

what do ruminants rely heavily on that is in their saliva to buffer acids produced by microorganisms in the rumen

bicarbonate

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

main component of chemical digestion provided by the stomach

what function does the villi have

nutrients are aborbed and passed into the lymphatic system

monogastric herbivores

horses, rabbits, elephants, guinea pigs

monogastric herbivores have larger what? why?

cecum/colon becasue they’re hindgut fermenters

Bile

produced by the pancreas and aids in digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins

true stomach in ruminants

abomasum

Papilla/Papillae

“small fingerlike projections that greatly increase surface area of small intestine

omasum

absorbs water, electrolytes, VFAs and reduces particle size of feed in ruminants

Birds have gizzard and crop to make up for their lack of

teeth

what are some parts of the digestive tract of a horse?

stomach, large cecum, small intestine

Weathering

loss of nutritional value through exposure to the elements

what does ensilling do

ensilling plant material under anaerobic conditions to produce silage

general categories for feeds

pasture, range plants, green forages ; energy feeds ; protein supplements

what best describes dry forages and roughages

feeds that contain at least 18% crude fiber, but can get up to 50%

Anaerobic

conditions that lack molecular oxygen

what are the subcategories of forages

legumes & grasses

best describe pastures, range plants, and green forages

high in crude fiber adn highly digestible

Lignin

polymer of phenolic acids found in plants as part of the structural components of the plant

how much crude fiber and protein do energy feeds generally contain?

less than 18% crude fiber and less than 20% protein

Protein quality

a measure of the presence and digestibility of the essential amino acids in a feedstuff

what kind of dietary nutrient are vitamins and minerals

dietary essential and most feeds contain some amounts of them

Nonnutritive additives

A large group of feed ingredients added to rations for some reason other than their nutritive value

First-limiting amino acids

Frequently lysine, methionine, and tryptophan

describe roughage

bulky feedstuff with low weight per unit volume ; contains 18% - 50% fiber ; less digestible than forages

Animal breeding

the use of biometry and genetics to improve farm animal production

Heritability

A measure of the amount of phenotypic variation that is due to additive gene effects

Breeding Value

The value of an individual as a parent