WFC110L- Lab9&10

Carnivora

order

• alisphenoid canal goes all way through alisphenoid bone, not into skull

Caniformia

suborder under order Carnivora

Canidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• cosmopoliton, exc. Madagascar, New Zealand, & Philippine islands

• long narrow rostrum

• alisphenoid canal

• mastoid process < paraoccipital process

• carnassials well developed

• last M large, transversely elongated

• dog, coyotes, foxes, wolves

Ursidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• terrestrial biomes, open arctic to temperate & tropical forests

• alisphenoid canal

• mastoid & paroccipital process roughly equal

• weak carnassials

• bunodont molars

• bears

Otariidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• coastal & pelagic

• external ears

• can turn limbs forward

• alisphenoid canal

• supraorbital/postorbital process well developed

• simple cheekteeth

• sea lions, fur seals

Odobenidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• coastal regions of arctic ocean & adjacent seas

• enormous canines

• walrus

Phocidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• ice fronts & coastlines of polar & temperate oceans, extending to some tropical islands

• earless

• hindlimbs cannot turn forward

• multi-cusped cheek teeth

• earless or haired seals

Mustelidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• postmandibular process strongly developed

• palate extends past toothrow

• last M dumbbell shaped (sometimes)

• badgers, otters, weasels, etc.

Mephitidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• black & white stripes/patterns

• palate ends at tooth row

• last molar square

• skunks & stink badgers

Procyonidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• most biomes in western hemisphere temperate & tropical regions, esp near water

• long tail, ringed

• rounded skull

• poorly developed carnassials (exc ringtails)

• large & rounded last M

• mastoid >= paroccipital process

• ringtails, coati, kinkajou, raccoon

Perissodactyla

order

• unguligrade (on tip toes)

• 1-1 or 3-3 digits (odd-toed)

• alisphenoid canal

• nasals wider posteriorly

• lophodont or selenodont cheekteeth

• horses, rhinos, tapirs

Equidae

family under order Perissodactyla

• lophodont/selenodont teeth

• prominent nasals

• square incisors

• postorbital bar

• horses, zebras, asses

Rhinocerotidae

family under order Perissodactyla

• inflated nasals

• pi shaped cheekteeth

• concave dorsally head

• rhinos

Tapiridae

family under order Perissodactyla

• protruding nasal bones

• small canines

• tapirs

Artiodactyla

order

• digitigrade or unguligrade

• 2 or 4 digits

• bunodont or selenodont cheekteeth

• other ungulates

Suidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• tusks point upward

• elongated muzzle

• bunodont cheekteeth

• pigs, warthogs, etc.

Tayassuidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• tusks point down, small

• bunodont cheekteeth

• peccaries

Hippopotomidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• large tusk-like incisors

• hippos

Camelidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• sagittal crest

• postorbital bar

• canine-like I

• selenodont cheekteeth

• camels, llamas, guanacos

Cervidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• antlers

• canines (some)

• lacrimal depression

• nasolacrimal gap

• 2 lacrimal foramina (edge of orbit)

• deer, elk, moose, etc.

Antilocapridae

family under order Artiodactyla

• pronghorn

• nasolacrimal gap

• 2 lacrimal foramina (side of orbit)

Giraffidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• ossicones

• nasolacrimal gap

• giraffes & okapis

Bovidae

family under order Artiodactyla

• unbranched horns

• 1 lacrimal foramen (inside orbital rim)

• bison, goats, sheep, antelopes, gazelles, etc.

Cetacea

clade under order Artiodactyla

Mysticeti

subclade under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea

• no teeth

• convex skull

• baleen whales

Balaenidae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Mysticeti

• head 1/3 of length

• strongly bowed skull

• v long baleen

• no teeth

• convex skull

• bowhead & right whales

Balaenopteridae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Mysticeti

• short baleen

• many longitudinal furrows on throat

• no teeth

• convex skull

• rorquals & humpback whale

Eschrichtiidae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Mysticeti

• short baleen

• no dorsal fin

• few throat furrows

• no teeth

• convex skull

• gray whale

Odontoceti

subclade under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea

• teeth

• concave skull

• toothed whales

Delphinidae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Odontoceti

• distinct “beak” or forehead

• peg-like teeth

• concave skull

• dolphins, killer whales, pilot whales, etc.

Monodontidae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Odontoceti

Phocoenidae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Odontoceti

• head lacks beak/forehead

• prominent swellings on premaxilla

• spade-like teeth

• concave skull

• porpoises

Physeteridae

family under order Artiodactyla, clade Cetacea, subclade Odontoceti

• big head

• teeth

• concave skull

• sperm whale, pygmy, dwarf sperm whale