Cellular Energy
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128 Terms
All energy for life originates from where?
The Sun.
What is an autotroph?
An organism that can make its own food.
What is an example of an autotroph?
Plants
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that gets energy from consuming other organisms.
What is an example of a heterotroph?
Animals.
What is light?
Electromagnetic radiation.
How can light be viewed?
As both a wave and a particle.
What is a particle of light called?
Photon.
What are the different types of EMR?
Radio
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum can humans see?
Visible light.
What wavelengths make up visible light?
380 to 750 nm.
As wavelength increases
what happens to energy?
What is the order of visible light from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength?
Red
Why does an orange appear orange to your eyes?
It reflects orange light wavelengths.
What happens to all the other wavelengths of light when an object appears orange?
They are absorbed.
When an electron absorbs the right frequency of light
what happens?
What is it called when an electron jumps to a higher energy level?
Excited state.
Can an electron stay in the excited state forever?
No.
What happens when an electron falls back down?
It returns to its ground state.
What is a cell’s “saving account” energy molecule?
Glucose.
How much energy is stored in glucose?
686 kcal/mol.
What is a cell’s “quick cash” energy molecule?
ATP.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate.
What is the nitrogenous base in ATP?
Adenine.
What type of sugar is found in ATP?
Ribose (5-carbon sugar).
How many phosphate groups does ATP have?
Three.
What type of molecule is ATP (carbohydrate/lipid/amino acid/nucleic acid)?
Nucleic acid.
What are the three parts of ATP?
Adenine
What happens to ATP when it is broken down by hydrolysis?
The bond to the third phosphate is broken.
What does hydrolysis mean?
Breaking a molecule apart using water.
How much energy is released when one phosphate group is broken off ATP?
Approximately 7.3 kcal/mol.
What molecule is left after one phosphate group is removed from ATP?
ADP.
What molecule is left after a second phosphate group is removed?
AMP.
What does aerobic mean?
With oxygen.
What does anaerobic mean?
Without oxygen.
What is the overall chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Which types of organisms/cells perform cellular respiration?
All living organisms.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To break down glucose and produce ATP.
About how much energy from glucose is converted into ATP during cellular respiration?
34%.
About how much energy is lost as heat during cellular respiration?
66%.
What type of molecule controls cellular respiration?
Enzymes.
How many main stages does cellular respiration occur in?
Three.
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis.
What is the second stage of cellular respiration?
Krebs cycle.
What is the third stage of cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the missing stage between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvate oxidation.
Which stage of cellular respiration is aerobic?
All three stages require oxygen indirectly or directly for aerobic respiration.
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm.
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How many NADH are produced from NAD⁺ during glycolysis?
2 NADH.
What is glucose broken down into during glycolysis?
Two molecules of pyruvate.
How many carbons does each pyruvate molecule contain?
Three carbons.
What happens to pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?
It is oxidized into acetate.
How many carbons does acetate contain?
Two carbons.
What attaches to acetate to make acetyl-CoA?
Coenzyme A.
What molecule enters the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl-CoA.
What happens during pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA and releases CO₂.
How many CO₂ molecules are released per pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?
One.
How many total CO₂ molecules are released during pyruvate oxidation per glucose?
Two.
Where does the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) occur?
Mitochondrial matrix.
What molecule attaches to acetyl-CoA during the Krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetate.
What molecule is formed when acetyl-CoA attaches to oxaloacetate?
Citrate.
How many CO₂ molecules are released per pyruvate during the Krebs cycle?
Two.
How many total CO₂ molecules are released during the Krebs cycle per glucose?
Four.
What molecule is regenerated during the Krebs cycle?
Oxaloacetate.
What is the net gain of ATP from the Krebs cycle per glucose?
2 ATP.
How many FADH₂ molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle per glucose?
2 FADH₂.
How many NADH molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle per glucose?
6 NADH.
What two electron carriers are produced during cellular respiration?
NADH and FADH₂.
Which coenzymes release hydrogen and electrons at the start of the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH₂.
What does ETC stand for?
Electron transport chain.
What does the ETC pump to create a concentration gradient?
Protons (H⁺).
What creates the concentration gradient during the electron transport chain?
Proton pumps move H⁺ across the membrane.
What allows ATP to be generated from ADP during chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase.
What is the process called when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase to produce ATP?
Chemiosmosis.
What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
What forms when oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions?
Water.
How much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation make per glucose molecule?
Approximately 26–28 ATP
How much ATP can be formed for every NADH?
Approximately 3 ATP.
How much ATP can be formed for every FADH₂?
Approximately 1.5 ATP.
What is the total amount of ATP formed from all three stages of cellular respiration?
Approximately 30–32 ATP.
Which type of respiration provides the most energy?
Aerobic respiration.
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
Animal cells.
Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?
Yeast and some microorganisms.
How much ATP do both types of fermentation net from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
What is the purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD⁺
What is the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Which types of organisms/cells can perform photosynthesis?
Plants
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts.
What type of molecule controls photosynthesis?
Enzymes.
What is the first phase of photosynthesis called?
Light-dependent reaction.
Where does the light-dependent reaction occur?
Thylakoid membranes or grana.
What is the second phase of photosynthesis called?
Calvin cycle (light-independent reaction).
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma.
What do Photosystem I and Photosystem II both use?
Chlorophyll a.
What is the main pigment used to capture radiant light energy from the Sun?
Chlorophyll a.
Where are replacement electrons taken from during the light reaction?
Water.
What replaces the electrons lost from chlorophyll?
Electrons from water.