Information, Knowledge, Wisdom, AI, Data & Access Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering key concepts from lecture notes on Information, Knowledge, Wisdom, AI Literacy & Ethics, Scholarly Articles, Data Visualizations, Databases, Database Searching, and Legal Access Frameworks.

According to the lecture notes, how is information broadly defined?

The action of informing or telling someone of something.

What are symbols within the hierarchy of information levels?

Letters, numerals, or codes such as signs (for example, $0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9$).

How is data defined in contrast to symbols and information?

A combination of symbols in one line that has no meaning due to its fresh state.

How is knowledge defined in the hierarchy of information levels?

The ability to take information and recognize patterns in details using previous familiarity, experience, or education.

How is wisdom defined in the hierarchy of information levels?

Having a combination of knowledge to recognize facts, patterns, and fundamental principles or concepts.

In the information transfer and communication process model, what do the components represent?

$S$ is the source, $M(S)$ is the message sent, Channel is the way the message is sent, $M(R)$ is the message received, $I$ is extracted information, $K(1)$ is initial internal knowledge state, and $K(2)$ is the new knowledge state.

What aspects are examined at the technical level of message transmission?

Physical transfer of symbols, accuracy of transfer, disturbance in the channel, and whether the message sent equals the message received.

What is the focus of the semantic level of message transmission?

The meaning of the message and whether the meaning attached by the receiver matches what the sender intended.

What is the focus of the influential or pragmatic level of message transmission?

The reaction of the receiver, the results of the message, and its effect.

How is information perceived across the disciplines of biology, law, economics, and philosophy?

In biology as DNA (the basic information unit), in the legal environment as property, in economics as a commodity, and in philosophy as what can be known.

What are two examples of facial recognition systems named in the lecture notes?

Facebook DeepFace and Google FaceNet.

What six basic emotions can facial emotion recognition systems identify?

Joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise.

How is AI literacy defined in the lecture notes?

Having the essential abilities needed to live, learn, and work in a digital world influenced by AI.

What is the core question asked by AI ethics?

AI ethics asks not only 'What can AI do?' but also 'How should AI be used?'

What are four key functions of citation in scholarly work?

Credits the work of others, links ideas of one scholar to another, provides authoritative support for an argument, and generates conversation between scholars or intellectuals.

What is the key difference between quantitative research and qualitative research?

Quantitative research is an empirical investigation of observable occurrences using statistical, numerical, or computational techniques, whereas qualitative research is exploratory research aimed at understanding reasons, emotions, motivations, perspectives, beliefs, and behaviors.

How does the Results section of a scholarly study differ from the Discussion/Conclusion section?

The Results section neutrally presents factual findings without bias or interpretation, whereas the Discussion/Conclusion section provides interpretation and opinion regarding the significance and implications of those findings.

What is the typical length and purpose of an abstract?

Usually about $100\text{--}200$ words, its purpose is to summarize the problem, methods, key findings, and implications so readers can quickly determine its relevance.

What is peer review in scholarly research?

A process (also known as refereeing) in which experts in a particular field review an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas prior to publication or presentation.

How is an infographic defined in the context of data presentation?

A visual representation of information or data that combines imagery, data visualizations (such as pie charts or bar graphs), and minimal text to provide an easy-to-understand overview of a topic.

What is the function of a data dictionary?

It defines the basis for distinguishing data by defining fields and specific data elements in a database, or defining how specific data is collected in a spreadsheet.

What are four examples of Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) listed in the notes?

SQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MongoDB.

What are the four primary reasons why databases are needed?

Data Retrieval, Data Accuracy & Integrity, Security & Protection, and Data Management.

What is the difference between a subject-specific database and a general database?

A subject-specific database focuses comprehensively on a particular subject (e.g., PsycINFO for psychology), whereas a general database covers multiple academic disciplines (e.g., EBSCO Academic Search Ultimate).

How do the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT modify database search results?

AND narrows results by requiring both concepts, OR broadens results by searching for either concept, and NOT eliminates results containing a specific concept.

What is the distinction between database search fields and limiters?

Search fields target specific data locations (such as subject terms) to find relevant content, while limiters restrict search results based on specific criteria (such as peer-reviewed status or publication type) and are not search fields.

What is the purpose of the Freedom of Information Law (FOIL)?

A series of laws designed to guarantee public access to government records held by agencies or state legislatures.

What does proactive disclosure require government entities to do?

It requires government entities to post public records online, such as hearing and debate transcripts, attendance records, voting records, legislative member items, and expenditures.

What is the scope of protection provided by FERPA?

FERPA is a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records and limits the disclosure of students' educational information.

When was HIPAA passed and what does it mandate regarding health information?

Passed in $1996$, HIPAA requires national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge.