Final terms BIO11

Suture

A type of fibrous joint that connects bones of the skull.

Gomphoses

A type of fibrous joint where peg-and-socket connections occur, such as between teeth and their sockets.

Syndesmosis

A type of fibrous joint connected by ligaments, allowing for slight movement.

Synchondrosis

A cartilaginous joint where bones are united by hyaline cartilage, allowing for little or no movement.

Symphysis

A cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage, allowing for slight movement.

Synovial Joint

A joint characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity allowing for a wide range of movement.

Diarthrotic

A joint that allows for free movement (synovial joint).

Amphiarthrotic

A joint that permits slight movement (e.g., symphysis).

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Intermembranous Ossification

The process by which bone develops from fibrous membranes.

Endochondral Ossification

The process by which bone develops from hyaline cartilage.

Primary Ossification Center

The initial site of bone formation in a developing long bone.

Secondary Ossification Center

Sites of ossification appearing after the primary center, usually in the epiphyseal areas.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Epiphyseal Plate

The growth plate in a long bone where lengthening occurs.

Articular Cartilage

The hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.

Compact Bone

The dense, hard outer layer of bone tissue.

Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone)

The inner layer of bone tissue that has a mesh-like structure.

Haversian System

The structural unit of compact bone containing Haversian canals and lamellae.

Haversian Canal

Central channel in the Haversian system containing blood vessels and nerves.

Lamellae

Concentric rings of bone matrix around a Haversian canal.

Lacunae

Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes.

Canaliculi

Microscopic canals between lacunae that allow for communication between osteocytes.

Osteocyte

A mature bone cell responsible for maintaining bone tissue.

Volkmann Canal

Channels that run perpendicular to Haversian canals and connect blood supply.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of life.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Organ

A structure composed of different types of tissues that perform specific functions.

Organ-System

A group of organs that work together for a common purpose.

Cell Membrane

The barrier that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and exits.

Nuclear Membrane

The double membrane that encloses the nucleus.

Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus associated with ribosomal RNA synthesis.

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins in the cell nucleus; condenses to form chromosomes.

Centriole

A structure involved in cell division, helping to organize the mitotic spindle.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle associated with protein synthesis, studded with ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

The organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

Lysosome

The organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Food Vacuole

A type of vacuole that stores food for the cell.

Mitochondrion

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through respiration.

Phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles.

Pinocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance filling the cell, containing organelles and the cytoskeleton.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equator.

Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, where the nuclear membranes reform and the cell separates.

Spindle Apparatus

The structure made of microtubules that separates chromosomes during cell division.

Diploid

A cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes (2n).

2n

The notation representing diploid number of chromosomes.

n

The notation representing haploid number of chromosomes.

Centromere/Kinetochore

The region where sister chromatids are joined and where spindle fibers attach during mitosis.

Chromatid

Each of the two thread-like strands into which a chromosome divides during cell division.

Furrowing

The process in cytokinesis where the membrane constricts to divide the cell.

Meiosis

The specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.

Recombination

The process of the exchange of genetic material during meiosis.

Reduction

The halving of the number of chromosomes during meiosis.

Gametogenesis

The process by which gametes are produced.

Oogenesis

The development of female gametes (ova).

Spermatogenesis

The development of male gametes (sperm).

Haploid

A cell containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes (n).

Spermatid

An immature male gamete that develops into a sperm.

Polar Body

A small cell that is produced during meiosis in oogenesis; typically does not develop into an ovum.

Meiosis I

The first division in meiosis, reducing chromosome number from diploid to haploid.

Meiosis II

The second division in meiosis, similar to mitosis, that separates sister chromatids.

Active Process

A cell process that requires energy (ATP), such as active transport.

Passive Process

A cell process that does not require energy, such as diffusion.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Hypertonic

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution.

Hypotonic

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution.

Crenation

The process by which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution, causing them to shrink.

Hemolysis

The rupture of red blood cells in a hypotonic solution, causing them to swell and burst.

Isotonic

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water.

Facilitated Diffusion

The process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by proteins, without energy.

Dialysis

The separation of molecules in solution by their differing rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane.

Active Transport

The movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue that is attached to bones and is under voluntary control.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in walls of hollow organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

Origin

The point of attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone.

Insertion

The point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves.

Abduction

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.

Extension

The straightening of a joint.

Flexion

The bending of a joint.

Tendon

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Epimysium

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle.

Perimysium

The connective tissue surrounding a fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers).

Endomysium

The connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers.

Fasciculus

A bundle of muscle fibers.

Muscle Fiber (Cell)

The basic cellular unit of muscle tissue.

Myofilaments

The filaments of myofibrils, constructed from proteins, principally myosin and actin.

Axial Skeleton

The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of the limbs and girdles.

Flat Bone

A bone that is thin and flat, such as the skull bones.

Long Bone

A bone that is longer than it is wide, such as the femur.

Short Bone

A cube-like bone, such as those in the wrist.