intelligence 1

francis galton

father or intell. testing

intelligence is heriditary and can be meausered by sensory and physical measures eg skull size

impact & legacy

started the tradition of using psychometric testing for linking biological traits to supposed mental superiority

coined the term Eugenics

eugenics

the now debunked ‘science’ of improving the human population by increasing the breeding of humans with desurable traits.

limitations

no predictive validty for real life cognitive peroformance

alfred binet

father of modern iq testing

shift to higher mental process

• rejected the sensory and physical measurements approach

mental age (MA)

developed mental age (MA)

describes a child performance relative to age-based norms

aiming to idenitfy children who need extra school help

binet-simon scale

first practical intelligence test

prototype for many subsequent scales

emotional intelligence

el salovey & mayer (1990)

the ability to percieve undderstand and manage emototions effectively

measured by tests like the MSCEIT

key predictor ofsucces in social and professional settings

branches

Perceiving Emotion

• Using Emotion to Facilitate Thought

• Understanding Emotion

• Managing Emotion

• Measured by tests like the

approches

psychometric approach

the what

focus on structure of intelligencde. what abiltities exist and how they are organised

uses factor analysis

factor analysis

to assess mental abilities scientists conduct severeal tests → factor analysis — a statistical method to find clusters of related skills = factors

each cluster contains variables that correlate highly w one another and less highly with vairiablesin other clusters

the asumption is that each factor is measuring a different aspect of intelligence

factor analysis impact

reduces a large number of measues to a small amount of factors/clusters

congitive process approach

the how

focuses on the mental processes behind intelligence

(how we encode information, solve problems, and make decisions)

major theories

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory

• Horn-Cattell's Two-Factor Theory

• Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities

• Carroll's Three-Stratum Model

• Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

• Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

cultural issues in testing

cultural bias in intelligence tests

tests developed in one culture (often western) are biaseshen applied to another

sources: laguage, content, values

language

vocab and idioms

content

assumptions about common knowledge

values

what defines the “best” answer varies across cultures

eg the study of the kpelle tribe

solutions for cultural bias

etic

adapting a test developed in one cultural context for use in another

often retains suble cultural biases

emic approach

developing the psychologica test from within the cultural and linguistic context that it will be tested in

best

culture free testing critiques

acknowledged as impossible

1.biological heredity and environemental experiences are intertwined

2. standard tests measure performance on specific tasks rather than innate ability

culture fair

tests designed to eliminate cultural bias by testing knowledge and abilities that are common across different cultures

culture reduced tests

more realistic, pragmatic term acknowledging that cultural influences cannot be completely erased, but can be significantly minimized through language-free, non-verbal test designs

cross cultural studies

eg the kpelle tribe study

static testing

static: traditional approach to testing;

• emphasizes similarity in testing conditions

dynamic testing/dynamic assesment theory

consists of testing procedures that measure learning potential rather than treating intelligence as a fixed capacity

standard testing is followed up with an interaction with the examiner

• Examiner gives the respondent guided feedback on how

to improve performance

• Examiner then observes how the person utilizes the

information

stereotype threat

the fear or belief that your performance on a task will confirm a negative stereotype about a group you belong to.

group differences

in which task do genders differ and how

girls: verbal fluency, writing, perceptual speed

boys: visual-spatal processing, science, maths

reasons

socialization eperiences

beliefs - self, others

hormonal influences in adulthood

extremes of intelligence

intellectually gifted

130+ iq

• rapid learning & memory

• linguistic & mathematical ability

• depth & curiosity: Displays a wide range of interests and often develops one or more topics to considerable depth

termans study

studied intellectually gifted kids — all successful adults

termans termites

more - strong sense of self

intellectual disability

categories

Mild (50-70 IQ)

Moderate (35-50 IQ)

Severe (20-35 IQ)

Profound (>20 IQ

diagnosis

based on deficits in intellectual functioning → functioning across 3 domains

conceptual, social, practical

conceptual domain

memory reasoning language

academic skills

social

skills that impact on the ability to make and maintain frienships

empathy, interpersonal communication

practical domain

self management money management

positve effects on later development

further education, physical exercise, nutrition

negative effects on later development

drinking drugs brain disorders

causes

genetic abnoralties

disseases

substances during pregnancy

eugenics in south africa

m. laurence fick

central figure in the adaptaion and application of psych testing in SA

providing pseudo-scientific justification for racial inequality and Apartheid policies.

adapted the stanford-binet scale → fick scale

used to claim that black coloured and indianchildren were intellectually inferior towhite children

• basis of racist bantu educatio system

the Fick scale

based on binet-simon and stanford-binet scale

aka MHIS

ficks shift

recognition of disadvantage in coloued children → assertion of genetic inferiority

limitations

• studied In US — adapted US models and theorioes to SA

• SB test that its based on only normedon white children

• misuse application: normed on white enlish and afrikaans speaking kids and applied to indian black and indian kids

south african tests

SSAIS-R

JSAIS-R

SAWAIS

WAIS-IVSA

SED

socio economic deprivation questionnaire

helps psychologists decide which norm group to compara a person

JSAIS-R

junior south african indivualscale

3-7

SSAIS-R

Senior south african indiviual scale

7-16

SAWAIS

South african weschler adult intelligence scale

16-69

performance in south africa context

factors

exposure to formal schooling

quality of formalschooling

exposrue to ideas and items in tests