API AND BEE CULTURE

bee yard, an area of a collection of hives or colonies of bees kept for their products or pollination services.

apiary

natural product obtained from the fermentation of bee pollen mixed with bee saliva and floral nectar inside the honeycomb cells of a hive.

bee bread

mixture of bee secretion and pollen collected from the flower

bee pollen

wax secreted from glands on the underside of bee abdomen, molded to form honeycombs

beeswax

made up of one queen bee, as the only reproductive female in the colony, a few hundred drone bees, and thousands of worker bees.

colony

how many queen bee are there in a colony

1 queen bee

how many drone bees are there in a colony

few hundred bees

how many worker bees are there in a colony

thousands of worker bees

structure manufactured by bees out of beeswax and consisting of circular or hexagon-shaped cells fitted side by side and used by bees to raise brood and store honey and pollen

comb

comb is made of

beeswax

shape of a comb

circular or hexagon-shaped cells

resinous substances collected by bees from plant buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources used by them as sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive

propolis

a) Asian Honeybees

I. Apis dorsata

II. Apis breviligula

III. Apis cerana

b.) stingless bees

I. Tetraginula spp.

II. Lepidotrigona spp.

III. Heterotrigona spp.

c.) exotic honeybee species

Apis mellifera

kingdom

animalia

phylum

anthropoda

class

insecta

order

hymenophora

suborder

apocrita

superfamily

apoidea

genus

apis

EUROPEAN OR AFRICAN HONEYBEE

Apis mellifera

MOSTLY WIDELY RAISED HONEYBEE SPECIES IN THE WORLD BECAUSE OF ITS ADAPTABILITY TO MODIFIED CONDITIONS, MILD BEHAVIOR, AND PRODUCTIVENESS

Apis mellifera

why Apis mellifera is most widely raised honeybee in the world

because of its adaptability to modified:

1. conditions

2. mild behavior

3. productiveness

Apis dorsata AKA

tree or giant honeybee

PUKYUTAN OR UYUKAN LOVE TO NEST ON HIGH AREAS IN DENSE FOREST

Apis dorsata

loves to nest on high areas in dense forest

apis dorsata

Apis cerana

Apis mellifera

Apis dorsata

Apis cerana AKA

Asiatic honey bee

Native to Mainland and S.E Asia

Apis cerana

restricted mostly to the Philippines, excluding Palawan.

Philippinecerana(Morphocluster V)

Has three subclusters, the "Luzon" bees, "Visayas" bees and "Mindanao" bees, with the latter two being more closer morphometrically than the "Luzon" bees. A population is also found in central Sulawesi

Philippinecerana(Morphocluster V)

Philippine Stingless bee

Tetragonula biroi

Most wide spread stingless bee species in the Philippines,known for high productivity in honey,pollen,and propolis,as wellas and propolis,as well as its ecological and therapeutic significance.

Philippine Stingless bee

Philippine Stingless bee AKA

lukot or kiwot

Farming of Stingless bee

Melipinoniculture

Scientific term for stingless bee

Meliponines

General Morphology of Bee Divided into 3 parts :

1. head

2. thorax

3. body

for nectar storage and honey processing

honey stomach

honey stomach AKA

crop

for the bee’s own nutrition

Digestive stomach

Digestive stomach AKA

ventriculus

According to ______a, beekeeping was introduced by the Americans in 1913, but it did not flourish due to varroa mite infestation that is hard to control that time

Mr. Antonio Baconawa

According to Mr. Antonio Baconawa, beekeeping was introduced by the _______, but it did not flourish due to varroa mite infestation that is hard to control that time

Americans in 1913

According to Mr. Antonio Baconawa, beekeeping was introduced by the Americans in 1913, but it did not flourish due to ____ infestation that is hard to control that time

varroa mites

we have about 434 beekeepers nationwide, tending

2011

Private sector enterprises made this possible despite

lack of government support.

are the structures that hold the bees' comb. They are made of wood and have a foundation, which is a sheet of wax that the bees use to build their comb

Frames

is a sheet of wax that is used to help the bees build their comb. It is made of beeswax and has a grid pattern that the bees use to build their cells.

foundation

is used to calm the bees before working with them. It is filled with dry materials, such as straw or pine needles, that are burned to create smoke. The smoke masks the bees' alarm pheromones and makes them less likely to sting.

smoker

a small, flat tool that is used to pry open the hive and manipulate the frames

hive tool

a protective head covering that is worn to protect the beekeeper from stings. It is made of a fine mesh that allows the beekeeper to see and breathe, but it is too small for the bees to get through.

veil

are worn to protect the beekeeper's hands from stings. They should be made of thick, leather material.

gloves

are worn to protect the beekeeper's feet from stings. They should be made of thick, leather material and should have a high heel to protect the beekeeper's ankles.

boots

A bee brush is used to gently brush bees off of frames and other equipment.

bee brush

A queen excluder is a grid that is placed between the brood box and the honey super. It prevents the queen bee from laying eggs in the honey super, which ensures that the honey is uncapped and ready to harvest

queen excluder

A honey extractor is a machine that is used to separate the honey from the comb.

honey extractor

An uncapping knife is used to remove the wax cappings from the honeycomb.

uncapping knife

Strainers are used to remove any debris from the honey before it is bottled.

strainers

used to bottle the honey.

bottling equipment

types of worker bees

1. nurse workers

2. house workers

3. field workers

serve the queen with royal jelly, larvae and drones with honey and breebread

burse workers

they perform house cleaning, comb building, accepting nectar and pollen from foragers and also guard the hive

house workers

travel to distant places to collect nectar, pollen grains from flowers and resin from the trees

field workers

only fertile female

queen

queen lifespan

3-4 yr

largest bee

queen bee

does not have wax gland

queen bee

how many eggs does queen bee lays per day

1.5k - 2k per day

male members

drone

sting or wax glands

drones

life span of drones

60 days

to fertilize the virgin queen

drone

fertilized

female (worker and queen)

unfertilized

male (drone)

fertilized + light feeding

worker

fertilized + heavy feeding + royal jelly

queen

eggs produced by queen consist of

1. worker

2. drone

3. queen

“Infertile female”

Worker bee

They can’t mate but they can produce Queen in a certain situations

Worker bee

Worker bee maintain cells in sanitary state, cleaning their walls and floors after the emergence of young bees

till 3rd day of emergence

feed older larvae with mixture of honey and pollen and making fights around the hive for getting layout of the hive (worker bee)

from 4th-6th day of emergence

hypopharyngeal glands (food glands) gets developed and start secreting royal jelly and feed younger larvae (worker bee)

from 7th-11th day of emergence

the bees develop wax glands and work on building of comb, construction of cells etc., receive the nectar , pollen , water , proopolis etc., from field gatherers and deposit in the comb cells and help in keeping the brood warm (worker bees)

from 12th to 18th day

perform guard duty (worker bee)

from 18th to 20th day

the worker bees take the duty of field i.e. exploring or foraging for nectar and pollen; collecting water and propolis (Worker bee)

from 20th day onwards

unfertilized egg → haploid → ?

male (Drone)

fertilized egg → diploid → ?

worker or queen

each drone is fed by how many worker bees?

3-4 worker bees

what bee is NEITHER perform any duty inside the hive NOR do they collect food from flowers

drone

sole function of drone

to MATE which costs his life

maximum life of drone honey bee in summer is

59 days

queen lays egg

day 1

• egg hatches, larva appears.

• workers feed larva

day 4

wokers cap the cell with wax and the larva spins a cocoon

day 10

adult bee chews through the wax cap and joints the colony

day 22

cleaners the first duties are cleaning the cells so more eggs can be laid

day 22-24