funds #2

cutaneous/superficial pain

pain in the skin or the subcutaneous tissue

visceral pain

stimulation of deep internal pain receptors

originating from internal organs

deep somatic pain

pain originating in the ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and bones

radiating pain

pain starting at the origin but extends to other locations

referred pain

pain in an area that is distant from original site

phantom pain

pain that is perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed

psychogenic pain

pain that is believed to arise from the mind

noiciceptive pain

when nociceptors respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging

noiciceptors

pain receptors

neuropathic pain

complex and often chronic pain that arises when injury to one or more nerves results in repeated transmission of pain signals, even in the absence of painful stimuli

acute pain

short duration and is generally rapid in onset

chronic pain

lasts 3-6 months or longer and often interferes with daily activities

intractable pain

both chronic and highly resistant to relief

transduction

activation of nociceptors by stimuli

transmission

conduction of pain message to spinal cord

pain perception

recognizing and defining pain in cortex

pain modulation

changing pain perception

mechanical stimuli

external forces that result in pressure or friction against the body

thermal stimuli

result from exposure to heat or cold

chemical stimuli

result from chemical changes

can be internal or external

visual analog scale

pain scale measuring from no pain to worst possible pain

numeric rating scale

pain scale measuring from 1 to 10`

simple descriptor scale

measure pain intensity through words (ex. moderate pain)

Wong-Baker faces pain rating scale

pain scale using faces

ventilation

air movement in and out of lungs

inspiration

breathing in

expansion of the chest with a negative intrapulmonary pressure when air flows into the thorax

expiration

breathing out

intrapulmonary pressure is higher than the atmosphere, air will flow out of the lungs

respiration

gas exchange in the alveoli of lungs

alveolar capillary/ capillary cell membrane

chemoreceptors

located in medulla of the brainstem

detect chemical changes in blood (ex. abgs)

send messages back to the central respiratory center in the brainstem

respiratory center increases or decreases ventilation based on the need

lung receptors

located in lung and chest wall

sensitive to breathing patterns, lung expansion and compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory irritants

adjusts ventilation by using feedback for lung receptors

perfusion

circulation of blood through an organ

the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the removal of waste products

hypoperfusion

the inadequate circulation of blood through an organ

hypoventilation

occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

hyperventilation

a state of ventilation in which the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster that it is produced by cellular metabolism

due to increased metabolic demands

hypoxia

inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

urinary retention

an accumulation of urine due to the inability of the bladder to empty

urinary tract infection

risk increases with indwelling catheter, retention, urinary and fecal incontinence, and poor perineal hygiene practices

urinary incontinence

involuntary leakage of urine

urgency incontinence

involuntary loss of urine with a strong urge to void

stress incontinence

involuntary loss of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure in the absence of an overactive bladder

mixed incontinence

combination of urge and stress incontinence

reflex incontinence

loss of urine when the person does not realize the bladder is full and has no urge to void

functional incontinence

untimely loss of urine that occurs when a physical or cognitive disability prevents the person from reaching the toilet

transient incontinence

short-term incontinence expected to resolve spontaneously

overflow incontinence

leakage of urine that occurs when the bladder is too full