CARS Exam

Characters in Seneca, The Shortness of Life

Seneca talking to Paulinus

Characters mention in Sappho’s poems

Lovers:

Atthis

Anaktonia

Rivals:

Andromeda

Gorgo

“Kypris” = Aphrodite

Characters in Plato, Symposium

Phaedrus

Pausanias

Erximachus

Aristophanes

Agathon

Socrates

Alcibiades

Characters in Plato, Phaedrus

Lysias

Phaedrus

Socrates

Characters in Plato, Phaedo

Socrates talking about death knowing he is about to die

Characters in Homer, Odyssey bk 2

Odysseus

Ghost Elpenor

Ghost Achilles

Ghost Ajax

Characters in Aristotle, On The Soul

Just Aristotle talking about how the body is matter, and the soul is the immovable mover that makes the body move. It is also what gives us intellect.

Characters in Lucretius, On the Nature of Things

Just Lucretius talking about how people are misled by religion and limited by it. Wants to help people explore the nature of the soul, as people are ruining their lives by blindly following religion.

Characters in Home Iiliad, book 22

Agamemnon taking Chryseis

Achilles taking Briseis

Chryses - Chryseis’s father

Athena

Zeus

Hector

Characters in Sophocles, Antigone

Etocles - Brothers

Polynice - Brothers

Antigone - Sister

Haemon - Partner of Antigone

Eurydice - Wife of Creon

Creon - King

Characters of Plato, Republic bk 2

Glaucon

Adeimantus

Socrates

Characters of Plato, Republic bk VII

Glaucon

Adeimantus

Socrates

Characters in Euripides, Alcestis

Admetus - King who is supposed to die unless someone dies in his place

Alcestis - Young wife who offers to die in his place

Heracles - House guest to Admetus ights the god of death to bring back Alcestis

Summary of Seneca - The Shortness of Life

We must value our time and avoid wasting it at all costs; a reminder that humans are intuitive yet easily forgetful and distracted. We fail to truly live because of this.

Says that we have fears of death that hold us back, but desires to live forever

Seneca

Those who have very brief, troubled lives, have forgotten the past, regulated the present, and fear for the future

Seneca

Hates those who “have time for nothing but wine and lust”

Seneca

Sappho

Primarily shares feeling towards love; said to worship Aphrodite and, unlike others at the time, viewed love as fulfilling, not a s tdangerous obsession

To Eros, you burn me

Sappho

Believes that love can extend to friends, and lovers. Claims that love is bittersweet, and not just lust

Sappho

How did Sappho’s view differ from men at the time?

She tended to view love as deeply emotional and personal, while many others viewed it as attributed to honor and heriosm—something to “earn”

Agrees with Plato that love isn’t always positive because love is something you don’t have that you desire

Sappho

Summary of Plato, Symposium pt. 1

Socrates and his friends get drunk and discuss love. Phaedrus, Pausanias, Eryximachus, Socrates, and Aristophanes all speak.

Symposium: Believes that love is an ancient god that drives virtue and courage. Argues that no one would want to act dishonorably in front of someone they love.

Phaedrus, poet

Symposium: Says there are two kinds of love: heavenly and common love.

Pausanias, Lawyer

What are the two kinds of love described by Pausanias in the Symposium?

Urania, Heavenly: Focuses on character and growing intellectually together.

Pandemas, Common: Lustful and indiscriminate towards bodies.

Says love is honorable when it encourages virtue and mutual growth.

Symposium: Love is a bio. and cosmic harmony. A universal law of balance. Believes, as a physician, that love governs the health of the body, like the rhythm of music.

Eryximachus, Doctor

What is good love and bad love according to Erximachus in Symposium?

Good love: brings opposing forces into balance, like hot and cold

Bad love: unbalanced and creates discord

Symposium: Love is the innate desire to find your other half

Aristophanes, Playwright

How does Aristophanes being a playwright influence his opinion on love in the Symposium?

He is theatrical, and relies on ancient myths and human experience rather than more rigid ideals like a lawyer or doctor

Symposium: God of love is the embodiment of beauty and goodness; soft and delicate.

Agathon

How do Socrates and Agathon's opinions on love differ?

Socrates believes that love is the desire for something that you do not have. Socrates says that you cannot love something you already possess. Agathon believes that love is a young god who is the embodiment of beauty and virtue.

Symposium: Love is an intermediate spirit Daimon. It bridges the gap between mortals and immortals. Love is born from Resources and Poverty.

Socrates/Diotima

Says that love is not a god, because gods do not desire anything. A goal of humans is to reach immortality, and you do so by having children and passing down your memory.

Socrates/Diotima, Symposium

Ladder of Love according to Socrates/Diotima, Symposium

1. Loving one body

2. loving all bodies

3. loving beautiful souls

4. loving beautiful laws and knowledge

5. single pure love

Symposium: Crashes party very drunk. Is offended that he failed to seduce Socrates, as he believes he is very young and attractive, and Socrates is old and ugly.

Alcibiades

How does Alcibiades show Diotima’s theory in Symposium?

Socrates is the living embodiment of the Daimon—he is poor, not purly lustful, and turning souls towards virtue

Plato, Phaedrus: claims that boy’s should give favors to non-lovers over lovers, because lovers are illogical because they are ruled by madness.

Lysias

How did Socrates argue in favor of non-lovers in Phaedrus?

By focusing on the negative aspects of lovers.

Initially agrees that love is a form of irrational desire that clouds judgment and causes lovers to keep their partner down so they don’t leave them.

Socrates, Phaedrus

Begins with a recantation to Eros, and a reversal of his original speech: now claims that love madness is a gift from the gods.

Socrates in Plato, Phaedrus

What is the Chariot in Phaedrus?

Our soul is a chariot.

The driver is reason

Good horse: drives toward good and honor, up towards “truth”

Bad horse: Drives toward lust, driving the soul down towards Earth

“When you follow the gods properly, you can just barely get flimpses of True”

Socrates in Phaedrus

Features Socrates speaking on death as he is aware he is going to die

Plato Phaedo

Says that philosophy is a practice for death. Death is the soul being detached from the body. Philosophy tries to separate the soul from the body to seek pure truths. Being a philosopher means you should be able to face death calmly.

Socrates, Phaedo

What is Anamnesis according to Socrates in Phaedo?

We possess innate knowledge of the forms; learning is really recollecting what the soul already knew before entering the body.

What are the two kinds of realms according to Socrates in Phaedo?

Visible: changing, mortal body

Invisible: devine, uniform forms that never alter

Who says that a soul purified by philosophy ascends to the invisible realm; a soul that is not is reincarnated again.

Socrates, Phaedo

Who believes that suicide is a problem because killing yourself means that God isn’t done with you yet.

Socrates, Phaedo

Four arguments presented in Phaedo

1. Remembering - You already know everything from when you were just a soul

2. Cyclical - Law of conservation of matter; the soul must be eternal

3. Opposites - If there is death, there must be life

4. Composite - The soul is non-composite; it cannot deteriorate as the body does

Odysseus sails to the river that meets the underworld, sacrifices a sheet, and attracts ghosts with the blood.

Home, Odyssey bk 2

Who speaks to his mother as a ghost, but cannot touch her?

Odysseus, Home Odyssey bk 2

Attributes of ghosts according to Homer, Odyssey bk 2

Ghosts look the same but lack solid flesh

Need blood to speak, remember, and be conscious

Earthly pleasures are meaningless. Kings for example have the same ghostly social class as peasants.

Examples of ghosts and their feelings in Home, Odyssey bk 2

Achilles: says that he would rather be a living peasant than a lord for the dead

Ajax: still refuses to speak to Odysseus even in death

Dead remain tied to loving memories and stories, so a person’s legacy is dependent on how they’re remembered among mortals

Odyssey, bk 2

Rejects the idea that the body and the soul are separate. Says that the body is matter, while the soul is form. They are codependent and inseparable.

Aristotle, On the soul

Says that the soul cannot exist without a body, much like a drawing of an axe is not an axe because it does not have the potential to cut anything

Aristotle, On the soul

How do Plato and Aristotle’s ideas on the soul differ?

Plato believes that the soul can move itself. Aristotle does not; he says that they sould is an immovable mover that moves the body. Movement requires occupying physical space, and a non-spatial thing cannot do this.

What are the levels of the soul, according to Aristotle?

1. Nutritive soul: Basic principles for life, responsible for reproduction, growth, nutrition

2. Sensible (animal): Adds the 5 senses

3. Rational (human): Adds reasoning and intellectual abilities

How does Aristotle use inductive reasoning in On The Soul, and how does this differ from Plato/Socrates?

Aristotle’s use of inductive reasoning is different from that of other philosophers during this time. He begins by using specific, visible life activities instead of beginning with an abstract definition of the soul. For example, he describes what each soul actually does: animals perceive; humans add intellect. This inductive reasoning then leads him to the idea of Hylomorphism: the idea that the soul and body are related as form and matter.

By utilizing the role of senses in his reasoning, his argument provides data that is helpful when applying ideas to reality.

If someone takes out your eye, it is no longer an eye because it can no longer see. HOWEVER, if you’re born blind, your eyes have the POTENTIAL to be eyes.

Aristotle, On The Soul

Claims that people are misled by religion; wants to help people explore the nature of the soul because people are blindly following religion and ruining their lives.

Lucretius, On The Nature of Things

Believes in Matter/Atoms and the Void (space and emptiness).

Lucretius, On the Nature of Things

How is the soul seperated by mind and spirit according to Lecretius?

Mind: Does thinking and feeling; conscious thought and emotion, lives in your chest.

Spirit: Sensation of things you’ve experienced; moves the body

Plato says the soul…

is not matter, it is eternal

Lueretius says the soul…

must be made of matter, so it must dissipate when we die.

Death is nothing, so it shouldn’t be feared:

Lucretius, On the Nature of Things

During the Trojan War, two women were taken as prizes:

Agamemnon - Chryseis

Achilles - Briseis

Chryseis's father begs for her back, but Agamemnon refuses, which causes Apollo to unleash a plague. The plague ends when Agamemnon gives Chryseis back; however, he takes Briseis from Achilles.

Achilles says he won’t fight for the Greeks anymore, so Thetis asks Zeus to make the army loose fights so they realize how much they need him.

Home, Iliad book 1

Describe the theme of pride in Home, Iliad book 1

Agamemnon refuses ransom due to pride. He sees any challenge to his power as a threat to honor.

Achilles is so prideful and angry that his prize was taken that he watched all of his friends die

What is the difference between honor-based and shame-based culture displayed in Iliad book 1?

Honor-based: You do things to win honor

Shame-based: You do things to avoid being shamed

Achilles comes for Hector after he killed Patroclus. Hector is caught between honor-based culture and shame. Chooses to freeze, then flee, then fight before he accepts his fate and dies

Homer, Iliad book 22

Athena pretends to be Hector’s brother to get him to fight, and gives Achilles his weapon when he misses because it is Hector’s fate to die according to

Zeus’s Golden Scales of Fate

What is Hubris, and how does Achilles show this in the Iliad book 22?

Hubris is a fatal flaw that leads one to believe that they are above natural human boundaries; it often leads to them defying the gods.

Achilles displays this by having extreme rage and embarrassment at having his honor threatened by his prize being taken

____ refuses to respect Hector’s body

Achilles

Polynices has not been given proper burial rites, and Antigone believes it is the unspoken law of the gods to do so. She decides to go against the King’s law, gets caught, and is buried alive. Her partner and the King’s son, Haemon, kills himself within her tomb. His mother then kills herself, leaving the King alone with his Heramatia.

Sophocles, Antigone

What is Heramatia?

A fatal error in judgement, as shown by Creon in Sophocles, Antigone

Glaucon and Adeimantus challenge Socrates to prove that justice is a good thing in itself, not just something to do for external rewards. Glaucon uses the ring analogy to say that anyone would be unjust if they could get away with it.

Plato, Republic book 2

Argues that people want to reputation of being just, not actually being just

Glarcon, Plato Republic book 2

____ adds to Glaucon’s argument, saying that trad. religion allows you to buy off the gods after you sin

Adeimantus in Plato, Republic, Book 2

What happened when the prisoner returned to the cave to show the true reality to the other prisoners?

They said that the sun (truth) ruined his eyes, and he refused to listen to anyone who tried to release them. The allegory shows that in order to reach the truth, you have to go of your own accord.

The shadows: ______

Ascending: ______

Duty to return: ______

The physical world

Education/Philosophy

Philosopher-King

According to Plato, republic book 7, what is a philospher-king?

Someone who combines political power with philosophical wisdom

King Admetus is going to die, but he can live if someone dies in his place. His young wife, Alcestis, offers to do so. Once she dies, Heracles comes to see Admetus, who pretends everything is fine.

Heracles is distraught when he hears of her death, and goes to fight for her in the underworld. Alcestis comes back and tricks Admetus into taking her back as a “new prize” after he promised never to remarry after she passed.

Summary of Euripides, Alcestis

Shows that cheating morality comes with a painful cost and miserable life.

Euripides, Alcestis

How does Homer and Plato (Socrates’s) ideas on the soul differ?

Homer says that in death, you retain physical things like wounds, hunger, clothes

Plato says the soul is entirely different from the body and separates in death