Interventional Radiology Procedures and Access Routes

Flashcards covering clinical summaries, key terminology, procedure leads, and routes of catheterization across 25 interventional radiology procedures.

What is the clinical summary and primary route of catheterization for Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke (Lead: Solano)?

It involves minimally invasive removal of a clot from a blocked cerebral artery using a stent retriever/aspiration to restore perfusion within a time window. The catheter route is Femoral artery -> abdominal aorta -> arch -> carotid/vertebral -> intracranial circulation (with contralateral radial artery as an alternative).

How does Endovascular Coil Embolization treat a Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm (Lead: Fangon)?

Detachable platinum coils fill the aneurysm sac to induce thrombosis and exclude it from circulation, preventing rebleeding and avoiding open craniotomy.

What is the route of catheterization for Carotid Artery Stenting in Carotid Artery Stenosis (Lead: Juarez)?

Femoral artery -> aorta -> common carotid -> internal carotid (with radial access as an alternative).

In Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lead: Reolada), what roles do Balloon Angioplasty and Stent Placement play?

Balloon angioplasty dilates narrowed leg arteries by compressing plaque, and the stent maintains the opening to prevent recoil/restenosis, improving claudication and preserving limb viability.

How is Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis performed for Acute Lower Limb Ischemia (Lead: Demonte)?

A low-dose clot-dissolving drug is infused directly into the thrombus via an infusion catheter with multiple side holes, leading to gradual dissolution with less systemic bleeding than IV therapy.

What is the route of catheterization for Catheter-Directed Thrombectomy in Massive Pulmonary Embolism (Lead: Flores)?

Femoral vein -> IVC -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> main/segmental pulmonary arteries.

When is Transcatheter Arterial Embolization indicated for Acute GI Hemorrhage (Lead: Pagaspas)?

It is indicated for targeted hemostasis when endoscopy fails, involving catheter deployment of coils, particles, or glue into the bleeding vessel to stop blood flow.

What is the primary benefit of Splenic Artery Embolization for Traumatic Splenic Injury (Lead: Dizon)?

Selective branch occlusion controls hemorrhage while preserving the spleen and its immunologic function, avoiding splenectomy in stable patients.

What is the mechanism and catheter route for Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Lead: Balanao)?

Concentrated chemotherapy and embolic agents are delivered into tumor-feeding hepatic arteries to kill cells and induce embolic ischemia while sparing healthy liver. Route: Femoral artery -> celiac -> common hepatic -> proper hepatic -> lobar/segmental tumor arteries.

What radioisotope is used in Radioembolization for Liver Tumors (Lead: Quiobe), and how is it delivered?

Yttrium-90 (Y-90), a pure beta emitter, is injected via biocompatible microspheres into tumor vessels for localized internal radiation. Route: Femoral artery -> celiac -> hepatic artery -> distal tumor vessels.

What is the goal and route of Uterine Artery Embolization for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids (Lead: Sioson)?

Bilateral uterine artery occlusion causes fibroids to undergo infarction and shrink, reducing bleeding and bulk symptoms while preserving the uterus. Route: Femoral artery -> internal iliac -> anterior division -> uterine artery (bilateral).

How does Uterine Artery Embolization control Postpartum Hemorrhage (Lead: Orella)?

Rapid bilateral uterine artery occlusion (often with Gelfoam or coils) reduces flow to allow vessel contraction and clotting, controlling refractory bleeding and preserving fertility versus hysterectomy.

What condition is treated by Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty (PTRA) (Lead: Libuit), and what is the catheter route?

It treats Renal Artery Stenosis (which causes renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy) by balloon dilation. Route: Femoral artery -> abdominal aorta -> renal artery ostium -> into renal artery (radial alternative).

What is EVAR (Lead: Umusig), and where is the stent-graft deployed for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

EVAR (Endovascular Aneurysm Repair) deploys a fabric-covered stent-graft inside the abdominal aorta to exclude the aneurysm (aortic dilation >= 3 cm) from pressure. The graft is deployed below the renal arteries and above the aortic bifurcation via bilateral common femoral arteries.

Define TEVAR and its catheter route for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (Lead: Quiatchon).

TEVAR stands for Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair, which places a stent-graft in the descending thoracic aorta (distal to the left subclavian artery). Route: Femoral artery -> aorta -> advanced to thoracic segment.

How does AV Fistula Angioplasty address Hemodialysis Access Dysfunction (Lead: Samar)?

Balloon dilation treats stenosis caused by intimal hyperplasia in the AV fistula or graft, restoring flow and maintaining dialysis access.

What complication of Deep Vein Thrombosis does Catheter-Directed Thrombectomy aim to reduce (Lead: Parinas)?

Post-Thrombotic Syndrome, which causes chronic edema and ulceration from valve damage.

What is the indication and catheter route for Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter Placement (Lead: Ede)?

Indicated for High-Risk VTE (DVT + PE) to trap clots from legs/pelvis and prevent pulmonary embolism. Route: Femoral or internal jugular vein -> IVC -> positioned below renal veins.

What is Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage (PTBD) (Lead: Manaog), and what is its route?

A procedure for Obstructive Jaundice where a needle punctures through the liver into a dilated bile duct and a catheter is placed to drain bile internally/externally. Route: Right or left intercostal/epigastric puncture -> dilated intrahepatic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum.

Describe the approach and clinical purpose of Percutaneous Nephrostomy for Hydronephrosis (Lead: Bahala).

A needle punctures into the dilated renal collecting system to place a catheter that drains urine, achieving decompression to relieve obstruction and preserve kidney function. Approach: Posterior intercostal/lumbar approach -> renal calyx -> pelvis under fluoroscopic/ultrasound guidance.

What is the treatment strategy for a Liver Abscess in Image-Guided Percutaneous Drainage (Lead: Reyes)?

A needle/pigtail catheter is placed into the abscess cavity under CT/US guidance to drain pus, which combined with targeted antibiotics based on cultures, cures the infection and avoids surgery.

What major complication risk is associated with CT-Guided Percutaneous Lung Biopsy (Lead: Abrigo)?

Pneumothorax (air leak in the pleural space).

What is the difference between Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty for Vertebral Compression Fractures (Lead: Bacus)?

Vertebroplasty involves direct bone cement (PMMA polymer) injection into the collapsed vertebra, whereas Kyphoplasty uses an inflatable balloon to create a cavity and restore vertebral height before cement injection.

What procedure provides relief for Chronic Cancer Pain from upper abdominal organs (Lead: Mico)?

Celiac Plexus Neurolysis, which uses alcohol or phenol injected around the celiac ganglion to chemically destroy pain-signaling nerves transmitting visceral pain.

How does Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) treat a Benign Thyroid Nodule (Lead: Mico)?

High-frequency alternating current delivers heat via a needle using a moving-shot technique under ultrasound guidance to thermally destroy nodule tissue and shrink the mass while preserving thyroid function without leaving a scar.