AP Bio Unit 3

Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts

Involves building a proton gradient across the membrane to drive ATP production.

Glycolysis ATP Yield

Uses 2 ATP and produces 4 ATP for every glucose molecule broken down.

Energy Source for ATP Synthase

The physical movement of protons rushing through the ATP synthase channel.

Photosystem II Electron Source

Replaces its lost electrons by splitting water molecules.

Primary Role of Oxygen

Acts as the final electron finder at the end of respiration to form water.

Respiration Lowest Energy Electron Donor

FADH2, because it drops its electrons off later in the transport chain than NADH.

Increase Cell ATP Concentration

Caused by increasing catabolic activity, which breaks down molecules to release energy.

Most Effective Photosynthesis Wavelength

Violet-blue light at 420 nm.

Absorption vs Action Spectrum Difference

They differ because accessory pigments also absorb light, not just chlorophyll a.

Respiration Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen takes in electrons at the very end of the electron transport chain.

Plant Cell ATP Synthase Locations

Found in both the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Calvin Cycle Location

Takes place in the fluid stroma of the chloroplast.

Photorespiration Disadvantage

Lowers efficiency by stopping the creation of 3-phosphoglycerate molecules.

Respiration and Fermentation Common Pathway

Glycolysis is used by both processes.

C4 Plants Advantage

They stop photorespiration by using PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide first.

Linear Photophosphorylation Products

Produces ATP and NADPH.

Glycolysis ATP Generation Method

Substrate-level phosphorylation.

Redox Reducing Agent

The electron donor that loses electrons and loses energy.

Potential Energy Example

A food molecule built from energy-rich macromolecules.

NAD+ Reduction

Gaining a hydrogen atom turns NAD+ into its reduced form, NADH.

Proton-Motive Force

The transmembrane proton concentration gradient that stores energy.

CAM Plants Water Strategy

They fix CO2 into organic acids at night so they can keep stomata closed during hot days.

Phosphorylated Molecule

Gaining a phosphate group increases chemical reactivity so it can do cellular work.

Oxygen-Independent Process

Glycolysis runs perfectly whether oxygen is there or not.

Yeast Fermentation Products

Produces ATP, CO2, and ethanol when oxygen is missing.

Fermentation ATP Generation Method

Substrate-level phosphorylation.

Source of Extra Calvin Cycle ATP

Cyclic electron flow provides extra ATP when NADPH isn't needed.

Plant Cell Respiration ETC Location

The electron transport chain proteins sit in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Proton Gradient Generation

Happens during both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis Electron Flow Sequence

H2O ➔ NADPH ➔ Calvin cycle.

Photosynthesis vs Respiration Relationship

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

Carbons from Pyruvate to Krebs Cycle

2 carbon atoms enter the cycle per pyruvate molecule.

Chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP synthesis

Used during both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Mitochondrial Electron Pathway

Citric acid cycle ➔ NADH ➔ electron transport chain ➔ oxygen.

NADP+ Reduction Process

Happens during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Pathway Occurring With or Without Oxygen

Glycolysis runs without needing oxygen.

NAD+ Function

An electron carrier that gets reduced to NADH during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Respiration Proton Pumping Result

Moving H+ out of the matrix creates a proton gradient.

Respiration Maximum Energy Harvest

Chemiosmotic phosphorylation creates the absolute most ATP.

Carbon Fixation Splitting

RuBP binds CO2 to make a 6-carbon molecule that instantly splits into 3-carbon pieces.

Antenna Pigment Main Role

To capture photons and send light energy to the reaction center.

Acetyl CoA Accumulation Location

Builds up inside the mitochondrial matrix.

Respiration Yield from Two Glucose

Breaking down two full glucose molecules makes about 76 ATP.

Why P680+ is a Strong Oxidizing Agent

It lacks an electron so badly that it pulls them away from water.

Primary Function of Calvin Cycle

To construct simple sugars using carbon dioxide.

Photosynthetic Oxygen Source

Oxygen gas is released as a waste product from splitting water.

Punctured Thylakoid Membrane Effect

Destroys the proton gradient, completely stopping ATP synthesis.

Four Turns of Citric Acid Cycle Yield

Generates 4 FADH2 and 12 NADH carriers.

Metabolite Entering Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl CoA, which forms when a carbon is removed from pyruvate.

Mitochondria vs Chloroplast H+ Translocation

Mitochondria pump H+ into the intermembrane space; chloroplasts pump H+ into the thylakoid space.

Light Reactions Event

Light is captured and funneled directly to reaction-center chlorophyll a.

Glycolysis Location

Happens in the cell's fluid cytosol.

Catabolism Definition

The metabolic process of tearing down large molecules into smaller units.

Splitting Carbon Dioxide to Form Oxygen

Happens during neither photosynthesis nor respiration (water is split instead).

End Products of Glycolysis

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

G3P and Plant Starch Formation

Starch is built by stacking many G3P sugar units together.

Respiration ETC Protein Location

Locked inside the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Photosystem I Association

Directly accepts incoming electrons moving down from plastocyanin.

Light Reactions vs Calvin Cycle Relationship

Light reactions give ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, which returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+.