67 67 study schmuide

Three Key Development Questions

Nature vs. nurture; change vs. stability; continuity vs. stages.

Germinal Period

First 2 weeks; fertilization, cell division, implantation.

Embryonic Period

Weeks 3-8; major organs and structures begin forming.

Fetal Period

Week 9 to birth; growth, brain development, refinement.

Drug Teratogens

Substances like alcohol or nicotine that cause birth defects and cognitive issues.

Environmental Teratogens

Toxins like pollution or chemicals that harm physical development.

Infection Teratogens

Illnesses like Zika or rubella that damage brain development.

Maternal Condition Teratogens

Stress, nutrition, or health factors that affect prenatal outcomes.

Infant Brain Development

Rapid synaptogenesis followed by pruning to strengthen important connections.

Motor Development

Skills develop head-to-toe (cephalocaudal) and center-outward (proximodistal).

Sensory Development

Vision improves over the first year; infants prefer faces; hearing is strong early.

Attachment Development

Forms through consistent, responsive caregiving that builds trust and security.

Sensorimotor Stage

Birth-2 yrs; object permanence; learning through actions.

Preoperational Stage

2-7 yrs; symbolic thinking; egocentrism; no conservation.

Concrete Operational Stage

7-11 yrs; logical thinking; conservation; classification.

Formal Operational Stage

12+ yrs; abstract reasoning; hypothetical thinking.

Puberty Body Changes

Growth spurts, sexual maturation, hormonal changes.

Puberty Brain Changes

Limbic system develops faster than prefrontal cortex, increasing emotional intensity and risk-taking.

Erikson Adolescence Stage

Identity vs. role confusion; teens work to form a stable identity.

Authoritative Parenting

High warmth + structure; best for identity development.

Authoritarian Parenting

Strict rules; may limit identity exploration.

Permissive Parenting

Few rules; may cause confusion in identity formation.

Neglectful Parenting

Low warmth and structure; worst outcomes for identity development.

Preconventional Morality

Moral reasoning based on punishment and reward.

Conventional Morality

Moral reasoning based on rules and social approval.

Postconventional Morality

Moral reasoning based on personal ethics and universal principles.

Emerging Adulthood

Ages 18-29; identity exploration, independence, feeling "in-between."

Adult Physical Changes

Gradual decline in strength, metabolism, and sensory abilities.

Adult Brain Changes

Slower processing but increased knowledge and expertise.

Adult Thinking Changes

Better emotional regulation and practical intelligence.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults work to form close, meaningful relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adults focus on contributing to society and helping others.

Integrity vs. Despair

Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.

Internal Motivation Factors

Needs, drives, arousal, and pleasure influence behavior.

External Motivation Factor

Incentives like rewards or consequences motivate behavior.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something because it is enjoyable or meaningful.

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for rewards or to avoid punishment.

Biological Hunger System

Hypothalamus, hormones (ghrelin and leptin), and blood sugar regulate hunger.

Learning Influences on Eating

Conditioning, familiarity, flavor preferences, and cultural traditions shape eating behavior.

Need to Belong

Motivates forming relationships, avoiding loneliness, and maintaining social bonds.

Goal Achievement Factors

Clear goals, self-efficacy, delayed gratification, and grit support long-term success.

Emotion Identification

Emotions are labeled through subjective experience, bodily responses, and interpretation.

James-Lange Theory

Body response comes first, then emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Body and emotion happen at the same time.

Two-Factor Theory

Emotion = bodily arousal + cognitive interpretation.

Body Influence on Emotion

Heart rate, sweating, posture, and other physiological changes shape emotion.

Brain Influence on Emotion

Amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and ACC help process and regulate emotions.

Reappraisal Strategy

Changing interpretation of a situation; most effective emotion regulation strategy.

Suppression Strategy

Hiding emotions; least effective strategy.

Distraction Strategy

Shifting attention away from emotional triggers.

Facial Expression Interpretation

People use universal expressions, context, and social cues to understand emotions.

Guilt in Relationships

Motivates repairing harm and strengthening social bonds.

Embarrassment in Relationships

Shows awareness of social norms and helps maintain trust.