Functional Groups/Other Need To Knows

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Methane

CH₄

Ethane

C₂H₆

Propane

C₃H₈

Butane

C₄H₁₀

Pentane

C₅H₁₂

Hexane

C₆H₁₄

Heptane

C₇H₁₆

Octane

C₈H₁₈

Nonane

C₉H₂₀

Decane

C₁₀H₂₂

Alkane

sp³ carbons (ONLY single bonded)

Alkene

sp² carbons (has one double bond)

Alkyne

sp carbons (one triple bond)

Aromatic Ring

Benzene Ring (six-membered ring of carbons)

Alkyl Halides

Carbon bonded to Halogen (F, Cl, Br, Iodine)

Alcohol

Hydroxyl Group (—OH bonded to Carbon)

Thiol

Thiol Group (—SH bonded to Carbon)

Ethers

An oxygen atom connected to two separate carbon atoms by single bonds

Sulfide

An sulfur (instead of oxygen) atom connected to two separate carbon atoms by single bonds

Amines

NH₃ but one of them or more is replaced w/ alkyl group (carbon-containing)

Alkyl Group

Alkane missing one Hydrogen

Disulfide

Basically sulfide but there are two sulfurs which are bonded together in the middle

Phosphate

Carbon bounded to a phosphate group (PO₄)

Carbonyl group

Carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O)

Ketone

Has two alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl group (Contains C=O and Two Alkyl Group)

Aldehyde

Contains one alkyl group & hydrogen bonded to carbonyl (C=O)

Carboxylic acids

Contains Carboxyl Group (—COOH, and C=O)

Amides

Nitrogen replacing —COOH in carboxylic acid (in other words, C=O and Nitrogen)

Alkoxy Group

R—O, alkyl chain bonded to one oxygen

Ester

Alkoxy Group (—OR) and alkyl group attached to carbonyl group (contains C=O, —OR)

Thioester

sulfide (-SR) and an alkyl group attached to the carbonyl group.

Acid Chloride

Has a chlorine atom and an alkyl group attached to the carbonyl group.

Nitrile group

Nitrogen triple bonded to a carbon (R—C==N), where R is an alkyl group

methylene group & what are homologous series?

—CH₂— group, homologous is # of methylene groups, like ethane, propane, etc.

Constitutional isomers (& what is carbon called when linked to other carbons)

compounds with the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements