ATI SCIENCE:LIFE & PHYSICAL SCIENCE PT.2

neighbors doing whatever the heck they doin

incomplete dominance

a type of non-mendelian inheritance in which the phenotype of an offspring is a blend of the phenotypes of the parents (EX: a red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (WW) and results in a pink offspring (RW))

codominance

a type of non-mendelian inheritance in which the phenotype of the offspring is a combination of the phenotypes of the parents(EX: a red flower (RR) is crossed with a white flower (WW) and results in an offspring with red and white pedals (RW))

macromolecules

large molecules that are essential for the structure and function of cells

polymer

a macromolecule that is made of smaller units called covalent bond-linked monomers

dehydration synthesis

the formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants accompanied by the loss of a water molecule

hydrolysis

the process of breaking down bonds to break monomers

carbohydrates

composed of C, H, and O. knowns as the sugars or starches found in all living organisms

monosaccharides

the simplest type of carb; cannot be hydrolyzed to produce smaller units. a common example is glucose

disaccharides

two monosaccharides that are joined by a covalent bond. a common example is sucrose (table sugar)

polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides that are joined by covalent bonds. a common example is starch

linear carbs

long unbranched chains of monos that form structures (ex:cellulose)

branched carbs

shorter chains of monos with branches (EX:maltose)

helix-shaped carbs

coiled chains of monos that form structures (EX:DNA)

lipids

composed of C, H, and O. are important for energy storage, structure, and hormones. formed by a linear arrangement of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms called fatty acid chains.

fat molecules

composed of a glycerol molecule ad three fatty acid chains. used for long term energy storage in the body

waxes

composed of a long chain of fatty acids that are linked to a long-chain alcohol

phospholipids

composed of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid chains, an a phosphate group

steroids

composed of four interconnected carbon rings. include cholesterol and hormones like testosterone and estrogen

proteins

composed of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S. made up of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds. can exist as enzymes (catalyze chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction), structural (provide support), storage (store nutrients), and transport (transport molecules)

nucleic acids

composed of C, H, O, N, and P. store and transmit genetic information.

bacteria

single-celled micro-organisms that can live in many different environments. some can cause diseases such as tuberculosis and meningitis. lack a nucleus, making them prokaryotes.

viruses

smaller than bacteria and can only be seen with an electron microscope. examples include covid and HIV. not alive as they can’t reproduce on their own.

protozoans

single-celled micro-organisms that are found in water, soil, and air. some cause disease such as malaria and amoebic dysentery. feed on other cells and divide based on their movement (flagellic, etc)

fungi

microorganisms that are classified as eukaryotes as they have a nucleus. some are helpful, such as those used in the production of bread, cheese, and beer. others can cause disease such as athlete’s foot and ringworm.

parasitic animals

worms and flatworms that are large enough to see wit the naked eye. flatworms can live in the intestines and roundworms can live in the GI and lymphatic systems.

infection diseases

can be spread from one person to another such as bacteria viruses, protozoa, and fungi. commonly known as communicable diseases.

noninfectious diseases

not caused by microorganisms and cannot be spread from person to person. include cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.

vectors

living organisms that can carry and transmit an infections agent to humans or other animals. most common examples are mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.