Rome Midterm

Highlighted IDs from weeks 1-6

Aeneas

escaped the trojan war and settled in Italy

Tiber

river in the middle of Italy, important for trade. River where Romulus and Remus were abandoned and rescued

Rhea Silvia

mom of Romulus and Remus, Numitor's daughter, got pregnant by the God Mars

Romulus and Remus

Twin brothers whose parents were Rhea Silvia & mars. Romulus founds Rome

Palatine & Aventine Hill

Two hills near tiber and palatine is where Rome is founded

Asylum

Place for fugitives/outsiders to expand Rome's population

Sabine Women

Women abducted to get more female population, led to civil war and them joining Rome

Numa

2nd king of Rome, established religion, peace & law

Tullius Hostilius

3rd king of Rome, aggressive, expanded Rome via wars & military

Destruction of Alba Longa

Tullus destroys Alba Longa after Rome wins but still is incorporated into Rome

Hannibal

Carthaginia general who led an invasion of Italy in the second Punic war. He was a difficult enemy and made Rome change strategies (Fabius)

Carthage

City-State in North Africa and Rome’s enemy during the Punic wars. The conflict threatened Rome’s survival and eventually pushed them to be a dominant power

Phoenicius

ancient people from eastern mediterranean who established Carthage. Helped develop into a wealthy maritime power capable of competing with Rome.

Second Punic War

Long time war between Rome and Carthage. Ran for a long time because of persistence from both sides.

Fabius Maximus

Roman dictator chosen to lead against Hannibal. The plan was to wear out Hannibal rather than fighting full on. Importance on adaptation and patience

Minucius

Fabius second in command who criticized Fabius' strategy but eventually realizes he was right after trying to do his own thing.Helped Rome learn that maybe Fabius strategy wasn't so bad

Metilius

Roman tribune who criticized Fabius and supported Minucius approach. Showed political side of the conflict of Fabius plan

Terentius Varro

Roman consul commanding the army at the Battle of Cannae and supported directly confronting Hannibal. His defeat demonstrated the danger of confronting Hannibal.

Scipio

Roman general who went against Fabius and fought Hannibal head on and got him to leave Italy. Helped end the second punic war.

Battle at River Trebia

one of Rome’s first major defeats. Helped rome change strategies and adapt

Battle of Cannae

another Roman defeat. But instead of surrendering Rome rebuilt and kept fighting. demonstrating determination.

Cunctator

The name associated with Fabius because he avoided direct battles with Hannibal. His strategy eventually taught Rome that it wasn't necessary to always charge head on.

Ancus Marcius

4th king of Rome, known for expanding Rome's territory and strengthening its position. Founds Ostia

Portent of the Eagle and the Cap

took tarquinis priscus’s hat and returned it to him, symbolizes/prophesizes his greatness. Importance of signs

Portent of the Head on Fire

flames on Servius Tullius’s head, signifying his future destiny to rule. reinforces significance of signs.

Tullia

daughter of Servius Tullius and wife to Tarquinius superbus, persuades his sister’s husband to end the lives of her sister and husband as well as pushing him to take over his father.

Tarquinius Superbus

7th king of Rome, harsh ruler. His abuse of power and his family leads to the end of monarchy in Rome

"The First One to Kiss His Mother"

prophecy at Delphi that whoever kissed their mother first would become king. Brutus kisses the earth instead, signifying his rule and intelligence

Sextus Tarquinius

son of Tarquinius superbus and assaults Lucretia, leading to the fall of the roman monarchy

Lucretia

Collantun's wife, assaulted by Sextus Tarquinius and dies by suicide. Sparks the overthrowing of the roman monarchy

Horatius Cocles

Roman soldier who defended the bridge against the Etruscans. Shows the people's courage and determination with defending Rome

Mucius Scaevola

roman who tried to kill Lars Porsenna but accidentally killed the wrong man. He placed his hand on a fire when captured and did not show fear and Porsenna made peace with Rome. Showed courage again to defend Rome.

Veii

wealthy and powerful Etruscan city located near Rome. Rome eventually conquers Veii. Greatly increased Roman territory and wealth and demonstrated Rome’s growing military strength.

Juno

Protective goddess of Veii, during the conquest of Veii, Camillus performed a ritual inviting her, to leave Veii and come to Rome. Her transfer symbolized Rome conquering another city and absorbing its religion and culture into Rome

Gauls

people from areas north of Italy who invaded Roman territory and eventually captured much of Rome. Rome's recovery afterward became an important example of its ability to survive disasters, rebuild, and become stronger.

Brennus

Gallic leader. captured Rome at the Battle of the Allia. This was one of the city's greatest humiliations, making Rome's recovery an important part of resilience.

Caedicius

Roman commoner who claimed that he heard a mysterious voice warning that the Gauls were approaching Rome, but Roman officials ignored him. shows the consequences of Rome failing to respect warnings from the gods

Camillus

Roman general famous for conquering Veii. his leadership helped Rome expand and then recover afterward.

Capitoline Hill

important religious and defensive locations and contained major temples. When the Gauls captured much of Rome, Roman defenders continued holding the Capitoline, making it a symbol of Rome's survival even when most of the city had fallen.

Papirius

one of the elderly Roman senators who remained behind when the Gauls entered the abandoned city. symbols of Roman dignity and courage even in the face of death.

Albinus

a Roman plebeian who was fleeing Rome with his family during the Gallic invasion when he saw priests and Vestal Virgins carrying sacred objects. He made his family get out of his wagon so the religious officials and sacred objects could ride, showing how Romans believed that preserving Rome's religion was essential.

Manlius

Roman soldier who helped defend the Capitoline Hill when the Gauls attempted a surprise nighttime attack. sacred geese alerted the Romans, allowing Manlius to fight off the attackers; his actions helped prevent Rome's last major stronghold from falling and became a symbol of courage.

Fabius Dorsuo

Roman who left the safety of the Capitoline during the Gallic occupation to perform his family's traditional religious sacrifice. The Gauls allowed him to pass, and his willingness to risk his life showed the Roman commitment to religious duty and tradition even when the city was facing destruction.

Staff of Romulus

important religious object associated with Rome's legendary founder that was believed to have survived the Gallic destruction of Rome. symbolized the continuity of Rome, suggesting that even though the physical city had been badly damaged, Rome's identity, traditions, and connection to its founder remained.

“Hic manebimus optime”

“Here we will remain most happily” or “Here we will stay.” After the Gallic destruction, some Romans considered abandoning Rome and moving to Veii, but the phrase was interpreted as a sign that they should stay; their decision to rebuild Rome preserved Rome as the center of the Republic and allowed its future expansion to continue.