Plants Exam 2

lichen does not break down tree trunk for nutrients, it gets nutrients from…

air

top soil

soil with most nutrients

pore spaces

filled with air or water

soil horizons

topsoil (A), B, C

topsoil horizons A

dark with more organic material than lower layers

B horizon soil

clay

C horizon soil

bedrock, where the water table rises and falls

E soil location

between A and B

E soil composure

light band of transition of nutrients and minerals, get stuck in clay

parent material

rock that hasn’t been affected by erosion

rock types

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

deserts have _____ erosion

wind

moderate rainfall has ______ soils

well developed

high rainfall has _____ soils

high water volume, nutrients are dispersed/leeched away

bacteria and fungi act as _____ in the environment

decomposers

root and other organisms produce _____ and combines with ______ to produce ______ and increases the rate of _____ dissolving

carbon dioxide, water, acid, minerals

humus

partially decomposed organic material

steep areas soil may erode via…

wind, water, or ice

flat areas are _______ drained, with organic matter taking _________

poorly, a long time to decompose

bogs/peat are so wet ____ can’t decompose organic matter

bacteria

sand

largest soil particle, can be lose or compact

silt

cannot be seen with naked eye, organic particle

clay

electron microscope to be seen, negatively charged, attract positively charged nutrients

best agricultural soils

40 percent silt, 40 percent sand, and 20 percent clay

coarse soils drain too _____

fast

clay soils drain too _____

slow

soils are best with….

pockets of air/water

more compact soil has ____ pockets

less

_________ is more important in soil then volume

particle size

hygroscopic water

physically bound to soil particles, cannot be accessed by plants

gravitational water

drains out of pore spaces after rain, not accessible

capillary water

roots can use this, water held in soil pores by water

plants are dependent on ______ water

capillary

field capacity

water that remains in soil after it drains away by gravity, determined by texture, structure, and organic content

permanent wilting point

rate of water absorption isn’t enough for plant needs

available water in soil

between permanent wilting point and field capacity

saturation

water is everywhere, gravitational water drains to aquaifers

if soil is too wet, the plant turns ______ and is _______ respiration

yellow, anaerobic

healthy plant with water and air pockets and has no water wasted

ideal range for health

soil pH

affects nutrient availability, alkalinity, and acidity

how to fix alkalinity in soil

add sulfur, makes Cu, Fe, and Manganese available in soil

plant nutrients are most available at a pH of ____

6.5

fungi and bacteria cannot tolerate ______

acidity

woody stem has _______ woody stems

some

branching is important to ______ surface area

increase

alternate leaves

stagger back and forth, spiraling upward

opposite leaves

attached in pairs, attached to the same point or node sitting across from each other

whorl leaves

have 3+ leaves attached at a single point, forming a circular pattern

internode

stem region between the node, provides stability and nutrient storage

leaf blade

wide flat part of a plant leaf that absorbs sunlight

petiole

holds leaf blade

where does the vascular system begin and end?

connected to the bottom of the apical meristem to the tips of leaves

midrib

carries highest volume of pressure into leaf, as it branches pressure disperses

stipules location and function

where leaf attaches to stem, protection, open and close around petiole

leaves sense ______ and grow less in it

shade

____ are found at the bottom of leaves for the next year

buds

____ create a completely new branch that points in the _____ direction

buds, same

whorled leaf pattern ______ the amount of sun absorbed through the day

maximizes

axill

angle between the petiole and stem

terminal bud

found on the end of the branch, strongest bud

axillary bud

grows on branch beside leaf

bud scale scars

where the terminal bud once was in previous seasons

deciduous trees

lose all of leaves every year

leaves leave a ____ when they fall off

scar

holes of a leaf scar

left from vascular system, bundle scars

bundle scar

callus over old vascular system, blocks off to prevent pathogen entry

it takes time to form a _____ before leaves fall off

callus

a callus is _______ from injury scarring

different

the apical meristem is protected by ___________

embryonic leaves

primordial buds

embryonic leaves

how is water ensured to be present in the xylem?

procambium provides water pressure

what tissues does the apical meristem produce?

protoderm, procambium, ground meristem

protoderm

gives rise to the epidermis

procambium

produces primary xylem/pholem

ground meristem

pith and cortex, made of parenchyema cells

trees grow in a _______

circle

vascular cambium

mature xylem and phloem cells, found between primary xylem and phloem

bark is modified ________ tissue

vascular

the vascular cambium is made of _______ cells

meristematic

when a plant is undergoing stress, it will destroy ______ and won’t produce new ____ to prevent water loss

phloem, xylem

why is the xylem in the middle of the plant?

prevents boiling or freezing due to outside temperature

year one of the tree has no _____ in order to ________

bark, photosynthesize

trees do not build ____ until it is structurally required

bark

trees grow _______, forming _____ from xylem tissue

outwards, rings

when do trees xylem and phloem grow?

early spring and late summer of year one, late summer of year two

cotyledons

embryonic stems, send nutrients from the seed to the new growth

cotyledons have to get out of the ground in order to…

prevent fungi and bacteria

below cotyledon

roots

above cotyledon

shoots

epicotyl

becomes shoot

hypocotyl

becomes roots

cork cambium

produces cork cells with suberin and phelloderm cells

lenticels

parenchyma cells in cork for exchange of gases

dicotyledons

two cotyledons, found in dicots

monocotyledon

one cotyledon, found in monocots

annual plants live for ___ season and grow to produce _____

one, seeds

herbaceous plants are ______ plants

annual

annual plants are mostly ______ with the exceptions of __________with some ______

monocots, bamboo and palm trees, dicots

annual plants are mostly ______ tissues

primary

herbaceous dicots have ______ in bundles

discrete vascular cylinders