LE2

What tissue is found lining the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

True or false: food should not be found in the pharynx?

False, parts of the pharynx are normal pathways for air and food

Which of the following is found in the nasopharynx?

Pharyngeal tonsil, opening to auditory tube, mucous glands, and cilia

Phonation is produced by

Air passing through the glottis

Which cartilage(s) control(s) the opening and closing of the glottis?

Corniculate and Arytenoid

If a condition causes someone's elastic cartilage to be too stiff, what structure(s) would be most affected?

Epiglottis

Elevating the larynx mainly happens during

Swallowing

Casey has a deeper voice than Taylor, likely because

Casey has longer vocal cords

The purpose of the c-shaped structure of the tracheal cartilages is to

Allow large boluses to travel down the esophagus and provide flexibility and strength to the trachea

The thyroid cartilage is which type of cartilage?

Hyaline

Unlike bronchi, bronchioles lack

Cartilage

Blockage in one alveolar duct would affect

Only one alveolar sac

Where does gas exchange between the blood and the respiratory tract occur?

At the alveoli

The respiratory pump:

Is created by the constantly changing intrapleural pressure, and maintains venous blood flow

Why is pneumonia dangerous?

Decreases the ability for gas exchange

The serous membrane surrounding each lung is called the

Pleura

A pulmonary embolism will most directly affect the functioning of the

Right ventricle

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called

Ventilation

Which of the following would cause air to flow into the lungs?

Atmospheric pressure higher than thoracic cavity air pressure, contracting the diaphragm, increasing the thoracic cavity volume, and elevating the rib cage.

Which of the following definitely would cause reduced ventilation?

Decreased surfactant production, and paralyzed diaphragm

If the partial pressure of CO2 is 0.04 in the outside air, 40 in the alveoli, and 50 in the pulmonary capillaries, in what direction will CO2 move?

From the blood into the alveoli, and from the alveoli to the outside

If a persons hemoglobin was not capable of binding any gases, how would carbon dioxide transport be affected?

Carbon dioxide transport would be slightly affected

Which of the following conditions would increase oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?

Increased alkalinity of the blood, and high PO2

As cellular metabolism increases, what would be the expected effect(s)?

Decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream by

Forming carbaminohemoglobin, being converted into carbonic acid, and dissolving into the plasma

The chemical reactions involved in carbon dioxide transport create bicarbonate ion, which:

Is involved in the chloride shift, and is an important buffer in the blood

The total amount of air you are capable of moving in and out of your lungs is called

Vital capacity

Passive exhalation occurs when

The DRG neurons are inactive

The apneustic center of the pons works to

Increase the depth of inhalation

Respiratory reflexes can be triggered by

Irritants, changes in blood volume, changes in blood pH, changes in PO2 of CSF , psychological events

The stimulus to take a breath is

High carbon dioxide levels

Sickle cell disease causes erythrocytes to have an abnormal shape, which prevents them from carrying oxygen effectively. A process exists to convert adult hemoglobin into fetal hemoglobin. Would this treatment help someone with sickle cell disease?

Yes, because fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.

True or false: fetuses breathe

False, fetal lungs are not functional

A newborns first breath is important because it

Inflates the lungs, redirects blood flow to the lungs, and closes the ducts arteriosus

A newborns first breath is triggered by

High PO2 of its blood

A patient who is hyperventilating due to trauma may be said to be blowing off acid. What does this phrase mean physiologically?

The patients respiratory rate is increased in a homeostatic effort to raise blood pH

If someone gets a viral infection that suddenly causes the gene that codes for carbonic anhydrase to be nonfunctional, which of the following is the most likely effect?

PCO2 would increase dramatically

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause

Increased respiratory rate, hyperpnea, and the Bohr effect to occur

How many lobes are in the left lung?

2 lobes

What type of epithelial tissue are the alveoli made of?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is the term used for hemoglobin when it is bound to oxygen?

Oxyhemoglobin

According to Boyle's law, what happens to lung pressure as the volume of the lungs increases?

Decreases (and vice versa)

Which intercostal muscles elevate the rib cage?

External intercostal

Describe how carbon dioxide is carried through the blood, from the tissues to the lungs.

Small amounts of CO2 are dissolved in the plasma or bound to hemoglobin. Most is converted to carbonic acids, which then dissociates. These reactions are reversed at the lungs and the CO2 is exhaled.

Explain how Boyles law and Daltons law relate to how the respiratory system functions.

Boyles law states the relationship between the volume of a container and the pressure of the gases within it. This explains the pulmonary ventilation. Daltons law of partial pressure explains how individual gases move from one area to another.