Criminology Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Vocabulary practice cards covering key theoretical concepts, paradigms, researchers, and definitions from Chapter 1.

Relativity of crime

The idea that some behaviors are criminalized in some jurisdictions and not others, and that people do not all agree on what ought to be treated as a crime.

145 million people

the number of people in which a hack of credit monitoring bureau Equifac was successful in stealing identity information from

Consensus model

The view that criminal law reflects the collective interests of all members of society.

Criminology(edwin sutherland)

The study of the process of making laws, breaking laws, and reacting towards the breaking of laws, as defined by Edwin Sutherland.

Theory

An effort to explain or make sense of the world.

Ideology

A set of beliefs or values that all of us develop, usually unconsciously, about the way the world is or ought to be, reflecting religious, political, social, or moral views.

police activity AND community development, lower rates of violent crime

Research founded by, Ren, Zhao, and Lovrich, who empirically assessed crime control approaches found an increased expenditure on ______ AND______ was associated with_________

the media

the platform that shapes the public understanding of crime, resulting in a widespread misunderstanding of the causes of crime and the best responses to crime

4%

Findings from an analysis of crime segments on three 24-hour news channels found by Frost and Philips states on __ of the experts interviewed were criminologists

atypical

Media coverages focuses on these cases which serves to undermine the public

fear, harsh

Sean Rochce found absorbing of information from traditional news outlets was associated with a greater ____ of crime AND favoring _____ response to crime

Legalistic definition of crime

An intentional act in violation of criminal law, committed without defense or excuse, and penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

punished, punishable

Sutherland noted that an unlawful act is not criminal by the fact that it is____ but by the fact it is _____

criminalized

the legalistic definition of crime excludes behavior that is not______

social injuries, the elite who control the state

Herman and Julia Schwendinger maintain that the definition premises of Sutherland and Sellin over look_____ induced by_______

Critical criminology

A perspective (also referred to as new, radical, or postmodern criminology) that rejects state definitions of crime, asks why powerless wrongdoers face more criminalization than powerful ones, and views criminalization as contingent on the power structure of society.

Human rights definition of crime

A conceptualization seen in the Schwendingers and Chambliss that views state institutions as often criminal, arguing they should not be defended by the discipline of criminology.

paradigm

Thomas Kuhn introduced this term to the sciences

rational choice, positivism, interactionism, critical criminology, theoretical integration

The 5 paradigms that have dominated thoughts about crime

Positivistic paradigm

A paradigm assuming that forces beyond the control of individuals, rather than rational decisions, determine criminal behavior.

Interactionism perspective

A criminological perspective centered on the belief that no acts are inherently deviant.

state definition of crime, powerless, powerful

Critical criminology rejects______and asks why relatively_____wrongdoers are subject to so much more criminalization than_____ ones.

Conservative approach to crime

An approach that advocates broad use of the death penalty, harsh prison conditions, and a low age of criminal responsibility for juveniles.

critical/radical criminologists

The broadest criminological conceptualization or definition of crime emanates from____

truth, reduction of crime

For decades, criminologists saw the field as a pure scientific pursuit of ____ and not a pursuit dedicated to the _______

the best available scientific evidence

The dean of Florida State University’s College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Thomas Blomberg, argued that drawing from the ___ ___ ____ _____ ____ is sufficient to advance criminal justice policy.

8x

rate in which dental research is funded at more than all research on crime and justice matter combined

qualitative

some criminologists advocate_____ methods, arguing that observing statistical patterns may miss human or spiritual elements of crime

definition of criminology

The study of violations of conduct norms, only some of which are prohibited by criminal law in any given society.

Formal social control

A type of control illustrated by official enforcement actions, such as a police officer pulling a driver over and writing a ticket for speeding.

Socialization

The process of learning the norms of your community.

Internalization

The process of incorporating the norms and values of one's community so strongly that these norms and values become a part of the individual's very identity.