L2-orbital theory, electron configuration and hybridisation

in an atom electrons are in fixed orbits known as electron shells around the positively charged nucleus

they can only move between shells by absorbing radiation or emitting

but electrons also exhibit wave and particle like properties

electrons are though of as wave- function, an area of space where they can be found

what are atomic orbitals

regions where there is a high probability of finding an electron

they come in a variety of shapes with a nucleus in the middle

s,p,d,f

explain what an s orbital is

its a spherical orbital centred on the nucleus, the highest chance of finding the electron is at the nucleus

explain what a p orbital is

2 ellipsoids either side of the nucleus ( they have a point of tangency )

unlike a s orbital there is no chance of finding an electron at the nucleus

what is valency

the number of bonds needed to complete the outer shell as this is what atoms want )

what is orbital hybridisation

mixing up the atomic orbitals to give new molecular orbitals

to achieve orbital hybridisation we need to promote electrons within the atomic orbital shell which requires an input of energy

what is an sp3 orbital

it combines the s-orbital with all three p orbitals

tetrahedral- 109.5 degrees

all the bonds are sigma/ single

methanae

What is an sp2 orbital?

combines the s-orbital with two of the p-orbitals

trigonal planer arrangement -120 degrees

flat

What is an sp orbital?

when a s-orbital combines with one of the p-orbitals

linear arrangement-180 degrees

what is a sigma bond

the strongest type of covalent chemical bond

happens when atomic orbital overlap

they can form from two s orbital overlapping or an s orbital and a p orbital

What is a pi bond?

covalent bonds formed from the overlap of two orbital lobes ( side to side ) with electron density above and below