Plants

BIO 2

synapomorphy

a trait shared by an evolutionary group that was inherited by a common ancestor

what are four properties of plants?

photosynthesis

selective response

high surface area-to-volume ratio

anchored

how did biomagnification affect the Chamorro people?

BMAA toxin was at low levels in cycad seeds, then the toxin concentrated in flying foxes, then even more in the Chamorro people

The root of a phylogenetic tree reveals

the original common ancestor

nodes are where

lineages separate

monophyletic clades

include an ancestor and all its descendants

when two species are each others’ closest relatives they are:

sister species

homologous traits/ homologies

similarities due to shared ancestry

synapomorphy

shared, derived trait from common ancestry

homologous traits can be confused with ___ because__

homoplasy; similar traits, not due to common ancestry

what specialized cyanobacteria cells called ___ carry out ___? what is ___?

heterocyst; nitrogen fixation; conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms

stromatolites

layered sedimentary formations built by photosynthetic microorganisms

what are 3 pieces of evidence that the endosymbiotic theory is correct?

• mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own dna

  • their dna consists of a single circular chromosome (like prokaryotes)

  • they have 2 membranes

what is evidence that chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria

peptidoglycan between the two chloroplast membranes

Is photosynthesis a synapomorphy of all plants? why/why not?

no; some photosynthetic eukaryotes are not plants and have chloroplasts

what is the definition of a plant?

a clade characterized by chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis

What are two unique traits of red algae

• phycoerythrin

• store carbohydrate as floridean starch

what is one unique trait of glaucophytes

chloroplast retain a layer of peptidoglycan between inner and outer membranes

what are two key synapomorphies of green plants

chlorophyll b

true starch

is green algae a clade? why/why not?

no; land plants are excluded

chlorophytes have ___ while streprophytes have ___

phycoplast; phragmoplast

phycoplast

microtubules parallel to plane of cell division that keep daughter nuclei together

phragmoplast

perpendicular to plane of division, pushes daughter nuclei apart and expand cell plate

plasmodesmata are helpful with

rapid signaling between cells