Chapter 6.4 Macro-molecules

What are sugars of carbohydrates?

sacchrarides

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

Energy Storage and Structural Building Material

Why are carbs considered a "quick" short-term energy source?

Because carbs are easily broken down and used first before any other macromolecules

What are the monomers of the carbs?

monosaccharides

What is the ratio of monosaccharide

1 C: 2 H: 1 O

What are some 5-C monosaccharides

Ribose and Deoxyribose

What are some 6-C monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What is Glucose?

Main source of energy used to make ATP. The building blocks for most polysaccharides

Where is Fructose found?

In fruit

Where is Galactose found?

Found in milk

What is the chemical formula for all monosaccharides?

C6H12O6

What are isomers?

same chemical formula but a different structure

What does structure determine?

function

What are disaccharides?

A dimer (mono+mono). Joined together by Dehydration Synthesis.

What is the bond called that holds sugar monomers together?

Glycosidic Bond

What are disaccharides formed by?

Dehydration Synthesis. (water is a product)

What is the formula for disaccharides

C12H22O11 (H2O is taken out bc of Dehydration Synthesis)

What are the 3 types of disaccharides

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Where is lactose found?

In milk (Glucose + Galactose)

Why would a person be lactose intolerant?

They do not have lactase to break down lactose

Where is maltose found?

Malt balls, malted milkshakes, liquor (Glucose + Glucose)

What are polysaccharides?

Polymers of monsaccharides

What are energy storage polysaccharides?

Starch (plants)

Glycogen (animals)

Where is glycogen stored?

Liver and muscle

What are energy storage polysaccharides used for?

Short term energy-broken back down into glucose between meals and during physical activity using hydrolysis reaction.

What are structural polysaccharides?

Cellulose

Chitin

What is cellulose?

makes up plant cell wall-strength/rigid

What is fiber?

undigested cellulose (helps to digestive system)

What is chitin?

animals exoskeleton and fungus cell walls

What are Lipids?

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

What is special about lipids

they aren't true macro-molecules with monomers

What are the main characteristics of lipids?

Nonpolar

Insoluble (not dissolvable in water)

Hydrophobic

What is the ratio for lipids?

high numbers of C:H with very little oxygen (C19H39COOH)

What are functions of lipids?

Long term energy storage

Prevents water loss in plants

Makes up the cell membrane of all cells

What are monomers of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol

What are the 2 parts of fatty acids

Hydrocarbon (the tail and hydrophobic and insoluble)

Carboxyl Group (the head and hydrophillic and soluble)

What is glycerol?

3 carbon backbone of lipids (joined together by dehydration synthesis)

What are triglycerides

largest lipid (1 glycerol+3 fatty acids)

What are saturated fatty acids?

All single bonds between the carbon-carbon bonds

What do saturated fatty acids contain the maximum of?

hydrogen

What do all single bonds create?

a linear shape in the tail

What are saturated fatty acids at room temperature?

solid (usually animal fats)

What are unsaturted fatty acids?

1 double bond between the carbon-carbon bonds

What does the double bond do?

creates a kink or bend in the tail

What are they at room temperature?

liquids (usually plant or fish oils)

What does polyunsaturated mean?

more than one double bond

What does trans fats mean?

manufactured to make liquid into a solid

What is the phospholipid?

Major component of all cell membranes. Creates boundary between cell & external environment. Makes up boundary to organelles (exception:ribosome)

What is the structure of phospholipids?

1 Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a Phosphate group

What makes up the head of the phospholipid and what are the characteristics?

Phosphate group (negative charge) is hydrophilic (interacts with polar molecules aka water = H-bond with water)

What makes up the tail of the phospholipid and what are the characteristics?

2 Fatty Acid (Hydrocarbon) tails are hydrophobic. (Tails protected by the heads in a phospholipid bilayer!)

What do waxes do?

Prevent water loss (Ex: ear wax, cuticle on leaf, beeswax)

What are steroids built up of?

Made of 4 fused carbon rings

Where is cholesterol found?

Found between the tails in the cell membrane - give it fluidity

What is a base steroid?

a steroid in which many other steroids are made using it

What is Vitamin D needed for?

bone health

What are the 2 common sex hormones?

Estrogen and Testosterone

What percent of body mass do proteins make up?

15%

What do structural proteins do?

provide support and build tissue

What are examples of structural proteins?

Collagen (cartilage and tendons)

Keratin (hair, skin, horns, nails, feathers)

What do storage proteins do and what are examples?

provide a.a. for developing embryos - seeds and eggs

What are examples of contractile proteins?

Actin & Myosin

Where is actin and myosin found?

in muscle

Where are transport proteins found?

Found in Cell Membrane (channel, carrier, receptor)

What is an example of transport proteins?

Hemoglobin

Where is hemoglobin found and what does it do?

found in blood and transports oxygen

What is an example of defense proteins?

Antibodies

What do antibodies do?

fights against foreign material

What are examples of communication proteins?

hormones and insulin

What do hormones do?

coordinate body activities

What does insulin do?

controls blood sugar

What are examples of catalytic proteins?

enzymes

What do enzymes do?

function as catalysts (speed up chemical reaction)

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids (20 different types)

Where do amino acids differ?

at the R group

What does the sequence of amino acids determine?

determine the function of the protein

Where are proteins made?

in the ribosome

What are the 4 things a central carbon is bonded to in a protein?

Hydrogen

Amino Group -NH4

Carboxyl -COOH

R group

What is the dimer of proteins?

dipeptide

What are dipeptides joined together by?

dehydration synthesis reaction (water is a product)

What is a peptide bond?

covalent bond that holds amino acid monomers together (Forms an N-C-C-N-C-C backbone)

What is the polymer of proteins?

polypeptide (N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C…)

What is protein structure based on?

the N-C-C backbone and R Groups and how they interact & fold which then determines the function

Structure is what for proteins?

very specific and important (Slight changes will affect the function)

Denature

unfolding of enzymes active site preventing catalyzing reaction (pH, temp, or salinity)

What are the main functions of nucleic acids?

Store and transmit genetic information

Make proteins

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

5-c sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

Phosphate group (-PO4)

Nitrogen base (1 of 5: A,T,C,G,or U)

What is the polymer of nucleic acids?

polynucleotide

What are some common nucleotides?

ATP and Coenzymes

What does ATP do?

Stores energy in phosphate bonds - releases energy when remove the 3rd phosphate group and make ADP

What do co-enzymes do?

Help enzymes (NAD+, FAD, NADP+)

What are some common nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is DNA?

Located in all cells - Genetic material inherited from parents to offspring. Determines characteristics of organisms & directs cell activities

What does RNA do?

Copies info from DNA which it uses to make proteins

What are genes?

Specific areas of DNA that code the amino acid sequences of proteins