LAB 6- Joints

Structural classification- fibrous joints

Sutures in the skull

• dense fibrous connective tissue and has no joint cavity

• Allows for little to no movement

Cartiloginous joint

• 2 examples

  • Synchondroses- hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal plate in growing bones

  • Symphyses- joined by fibrocartilage like intervertebral discs and teh pubic symphysis

• Connected by cartilage and lack a joint cavity, limited mobility

Synovial joints

• freely movable joints with fluid filled joint cavity

  • Ball and socket

  • Hinge

  • Pivot

  • Condyloid

  • Saddle

  • Plane

Synarthrosis (immovable)

Extremely stable

• ex. sutures between cranial bones

• Usually fibrous joints but also some cartilaginous joints

Amphiarthrosis

• Allows for only slight movement

• Balance between stability and limited mobility

• Examples: Symphyses like:

  • intervertebral discs

  • pubic symphysis

Diarthrosis

• freely movable joints

• All synovial joint are diathrotic

• Examples

  • Shoulder, kip, knee, elbow, and most other limb joints

Sutures of the skull

Coronal

connects the frontal to parietal

Saggital

connects parietals

Squamous

connect parietal and temporal

Lambdoid

Connects parietal and occipital

Cartilaginous joints

Epiphyseal plate (synchondrosis)

Intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies (symphysis, amphiarthrosis)

Pubic symphysis (symphysis, amphiarthrosis

Plane joint

Articulatig surafces are flat or slightly curved. This joint allows limited gliding movements, such as those betweem tarsal bones of the foot

Hinge joint

Permits movement in one plane, typiclaly flexion and extension. The elbow is a classic example.

• The ulna and humerus articulate to allow bending and straightening

Pivot joint

• Allows rotation around a single axis

• The joint between the first two cervical vertebrae, which enables the head to rotate side to side

Condyloid joint

An oval-shaped surface that fits into a complementary depression. They allow flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

• The joint between the radius and the carpal bones of the wrist is an example

Saddle joint

• Both articulating surfaces are shaped like a saddle, allowing movement of two planes

• The joint between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal boe of the thumb is the best exmaple and permits rge thump’s wide mobility

Ball and socket joint

A rounded head firs into a cuplife socket. This shape allows the gfreastest range of motion, including rotation.

• The hip joint demonstrates this structure, permitting movements in multiple directions while remaining stable

• And shoulder joint

Types of synovial joints

General stucture of synovial joint

• Articular cartilage

• Joint cavity

• Synovial fluid

• Articular capsule

• Fibrous membrane (outer layer of capsule)

• Synovial membrane (inner layer of capsule

Bones and articular structures of the shoulder

☐ Head of humerus

☐ Glenoid cavity of scapula

☐ Glenoid labrum

☐ Acromion

☐ Coracoid process

☐ Clavicle

Ligaments of the shoulder

☐ Glenohumeral ligaments

☐ Coracohumeral ligament

☐ Coracoacromial ligament

☐ Coracoclavicular ligament

• Conoid part

• Trapezoid part

Rotator cuff muscles

☐ Supraspinatus

☐ Infraspinatus

☐ Teres minor

☐ Subscapularis

Elbow- bones and articular structures

☐ Trochlea of humerus

☐ Trochlear notch of ulna

☐ Capitulum of humerus

☐ Head of radius

Ligaments- elbow

☐ Ulnar collateral ligament

☐ Radial collateral ligament

☐ Annular ligament

HIp- bones and articular structures

☐ Acetabulum

☐ Head of femur

☐ Acetabular labrum

Ligaments of Hip

☐ Iliofemoral ligament

☐ Pubofemoral ligament

☐ Ischiofemoral ligament

Knee- bones and articular structures

☐ Femur

☐ Tibia

☐ Fibula

☐ Patella

☐ Femoral condyles

☐ Tibial condyles

☐ Medial meniscus

☐ Lateral meniscus

Ligaments of the knee

☐ Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

☐ Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

☐ Medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)

☐ Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)

☐ Patellar ligament

joint movements

☐ Flexion / Extension

☐ Abduction / Adduction

☐ Circumduction

☐ Rotation (including medial and lateral rotation)

☐ Supination / Pronation

☐ Dorsiflexion / Plantar flexion

☐ Inversion / Eversion

☐ Protraction / Retraction

☐ Elevation / Depression

☐ Opposition

Flexion/extension

• flexion: decreases the angle between bones

• Extension: increases the angle between bones

Abduction/Adduction/Circumduction

Abduction: moves limb away from teh midline of the body

Adduction: Brings the limb back towards the midline of the body

Circumduction: a circular motion that combines flexsion, extension, abduction, and adduction. It produces a cone-shaped path, mostly clearly demonstarted at the shoulder

Rotation

• occurs when a bone pivots around its longitudinal axis

• At the neck, rotation allows turning side to side

• At the shoulder and hip, includes medial and laternal rotation

Supination and Pronation

Dorsi and Plantar Flexion

Inversion and Eversion

Protraction and retraction

Elevation and Depression

Opposition