Psyc 101 Midterm

____________ receive signals from other nerve cells, while _______ carry signals away.

dendrites; axons

Axon ___________, the “launch point” that initiates the action potential.

hillock

Axon __________, the long, main portion that carries the signal onward.

cylinder

Axon __________, the end of an axon the releases the neurotransmitter

terminal

_______________ are glial cells that produce myelin in the PNS.

schwann cells

_______________ are glial cells that produce myelin in the CNS.

oligodendrocytes

_______________ are glial cells that help in immune defense

microglia

_______________ are glial cells that supports neurons and help form blood-brain barrier.

astrocytes

_______________ are glial cells that line brain ventricles and help produce cerebrospinal fluid.

ependymal cells

___________________ describes a neuron that is not actively firing an action potential, simply, in a “ready state.”

electrical membrane potential

________________ is the electrical signal generated when a neuron fires.

action potential

______________ is the spread of an action potential along the axon.

propagation

the _______________ membrane belongs to the sending cell where neurotransmitters are released.

presynaptic

The _______________ is a tiny gap between sending and receiving cells.

synaptic cleft

the ______________ membrane belongs to the receiving cell, containing receptors

postsynaptic

When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers ____________________ during chemical synaptic transmission.

neurotransmitter release

After neurotransmitters enter the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter bind to receptors of the ___________ cell once they have activated receptors of the postsynaptic membrane.

receiving

After neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors, ______________ open, allowing ions to cross the postsynaptic membrane.

ion channels

After neurotransmitters have delivered their signal, they must be cleared or inactivated. This is done by __________, the process of neurotransmitters taken back up by sending neuron, ________________, the process of neurotransmitters being broken down by enzymes, and ____________, the process of neurotransmitters moving away from the synaptic cleft.

reuptake, enzyme degradation, diffusion

____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement, learning, and memory.

acetylcholine, ACh

____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, and reward

dopamine

____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in alertness and attention

norepinephrine

____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in flight or flight

epinephrine

____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, and appetite.

serotonin

__________ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter.

glutamate

__________ is the main inhibatory neurotransmitter.

GABA

____________ is a neuroactive peptide involved in pain relief.

endorphins

_________ activates receptors

agonists

_______________ blocks a receptor.

antagonists

______________ decreases receptors baseline activity.

inverse agonists

________________ activates receptor but produces a weaker maximum effect

partial agonists

_____-_____________ coupled receptors directly control ion channel allowing ions to cross membrane, usually faster.

ion-channel

_____-_____________ coupled receptors activates G-protein that influence processes inside cell, usually slower.

G-protein

The ________ contains the brain and spinal cord.

central nervous system

The ___________ contains the nerves outside brain and spinal cord, connecting CNS to rest of the body.

periphereal nervous system

The ____________ nervous system is a branch of the PNS, controlling voluntary skeletal muscle movement.

somatic

There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves and ___ pairs of cranial nerves within the somatic nervous system.

31; 12

The ____________ nervous system is a branch of the PNS, controlling involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and gland activity.

autonomic

The ____________ nervous system is a branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares body for action (flight-or-flight).

sympathetic

The ____________ nervous system is a branch of the autonomic nervous system controls body’s ability to reset and digest.

parasympathetic

The hindbrain is composed of _____________________.

medulla, pons, cerebellum

The forebrain is divided into two major regions:

diencephalon, telencephalon

The diencephalon is composed of the _________, which relays senses to the cortex, and the __________, which regulates basic functions.

thymus; hypothalamus

The telencephalon is composed of three major regions:

basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex

In the cerebral cortex, the __________ lobe is most associated with vision.

occipital

In the cerebral cortex, the __________ lobe is most associated with hearing.

temporal

In the cerebral cortex, the __________ lobe is most associated with planning, decision-making, and voluntary movement.

frontal

In the cerebral cortex, the __________ lobe is most associated with processing touch and spatial information.

parietal

The _______________ connects the brain’s right and left cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication.

corpus callosum

Layers of menniges: outer to inner

dura mater, arachoid mater, pia matter

The ventricular system is one of the brain protective mechanisms that contains the ________________, which cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

cerebrospinal fluid

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that links the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalmus

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that is known as the “master gland.”

pituitary

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that is involved in the sleep wake cyle.

pineal

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that is involved in metabolism

thyroid

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that regulates blood calcium levels

parathyroid

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that is involved in stress responses.

adrenal

The __________ gland is an endocrine gland that produces white blood cells for immune defense.

thymus

Hypnosis vs Meditation:

• Hypnosis and meditation are both methods of _____________________, but they differ in how they truly work. Hypnosis involves _________________, ___________________ of surroundings, and __________________. It uses these suggestions with _________________, ____________, or ___________________. Meditation _____ attention, awareness, and ____________________ so a person can change how they ______________ and __________ to experiences. Therefore, hypnosis emphasizes focused concentration and suggestibility, while meditation emphasizes training attention and awareness.

altering consciousness; highly focused concentration; reduced awareness; increased suggestibility; relaxation; pain relief; behavioral changes; trains; emotional regulation; receive; respond

_____________ detects information.

sensation

_____________ allows your brain to organize and interpret information.

perception

_____________ is the study of how changes in stimulus affect what you perceive.

psychophysics

_______________ is the converting of sensory information into electrical signals.

sensory transduction

Sensory _____________ is how the nervous system represents information about a stimulus

coding

You walk into a room with strong perfume smell. After several minutes, you barely notice the smell. What explains this?

sensory adaptation

Sensory _____________ are the routes sensory information travels through the nervous system as it moves toward the brain for processing.

pathways

A sensory neuron responds when you touch a particular are of you skin. That area is the neuron’s:

receptive field

You focus on your professors speaking while ignoring conversations happening around you. Which process are you using?

selective attention

A ________________ is the electrical change that begins when a receptor detects a stimulus

receptor potential

______________ adapt slowly, helping monitor ongoing conditions.

tonic receptors

You notice your shirt against your skin when you first put it on, but soon stop noticing it. What receptor type is most associated with this rapid adaptation?

phasic receptors

What determines the color of visible light that we perceive?

wavelength of light

_____________ is the study of light and how it behaves

optics

The purpose of refraction in the eye is to _____ light so it can be focused on the _________.

bend; retina

___________ is the clear outer covering at the front of eye that bends light.

cornea

___________ adjust its shape to help focus light on retina.

lens

___________ is the light-sensitive tissue containing photoreceptors that convert light into neural signs.

retina

___________ carries visual information from retina to brain.

optic nerve

A person can see nearby objects but has difficulty seeing distant objects. Which condition do they have?

myopia (nearsightedness)

_______________ is when near objects are harder to focus on.

farsightedness (hyperopia)

______________ is uneven focus due to curvature of cornea or lens.

astigmatism

________ is a photoreceptor that works well in dim light and important for night vision and peripheral vision

rods

________ are a photoreceptor that work best in brighter light and responsible for color vision and sharp visual objects.

cones

The _____________ is the location where the optic nerve exits the retina and has no rods or cones.

blind spot

What process allows your eyes to convert light into signals the nervous system can process?

phototransduction

Ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex are organized according to:

which eye provides visual input

Which theory states color vision beings with three types of cones?

trichromatic theory

Which theory states color vision through opposing pairs?

opponent-process theory

Sex-linked inheritance is more common in males due to the red-green color deficiency being commonly associated with genes on the ____ chromosome.

X

A person’s eyes detect light, but damage to the brain prevents them from experiencing colors normally. What condition best describes this?

cerebral achromatopsia

A person can see faces clearly but struggles to recognize familiar people by their faces. What condition might they have?

prosopagnosia

What property of a sound wave is most closely related to pitch?

frequency

What type of sound has a frequency below 20 Hz, below the typical range of human hearing?

infrasonic

What type of sound has a frequency above 20,000 Hz, beyond the typical range of human hearing?

ultrasonic

The _______ ear collects sound which is sent directly to eardrum.

outer

The _______ ear contains tiny bones that transmit and amplify vibrations

middle

The ________ ear contains the cochlea, which converts sound vibrations into neural signs.

inner

The cochlea contains the ______________ which contains sensory ___________, which are essential for hearing.

Organ of Corti; hair cells