parr- minerals integration

which of the following does not provide energy?

• vitamins

• fats and proteins

• carbohydrates

• minerals

vitamins and minerals

your patient is in a negative energy balance for a prolonged period. what will you notice clinically?

weight loss

what ‘energy’ is used for calorie content on dog and cat foods?

metabolizable energy (ME)

which of the following ingredients provide protein (amino acids)?

• fruits

• dairy

• legumes

• fish

dairy, legumes, fish

which of the following ingredients provide fiber?

• legumes

• fruits

• meats

• dairy

legumes and fruits

which of the following ingredients provide fat (fatty acids)?

• potatoes

• seed/vegetable oils

• meats

• dairy

seed/vegetable oils, meats, dairy

which of the following ingredients provide fiber?

• grains

• vegetables

• fruits

• squashes

all of them

T/F: in monogastric species, fermentable fibers are digested in the small intestine

false

T/F: solubility refers to how different fibers behave in water

true

T/F: fermentability refers to how GI microbes ferment different types of fibers (e.g. low vs high fermentability)

true

what is the solubility and fermentability of psyllium husk (metamucil)?

moderate solubility and low fermentability

what is the solubility and fermentability of cellulose?

low solubility and low fermentability

when a minimum requirement for an essential nutrient is not met, what occurs?

deficiency

what resources do we use for obtaining minimum and maximum nutrient levels?

• peer-reviewed literature

• national research council (NRC)

• american association of feed control officials (AAFCO)

• google “research” (not google scholar)

peer-reviewed literature, national research council (NRC), american association of feed control officials (AAFCO)

which of the follwing nutrients have maximum recommendations in AAFCO (2026) for dogs?

• iodine

• sodium

• calcium

• phosphorus

all of them

which of the follwing nutrients have maximum recommendations in AAFCO (2026) for cats?

• iodine

• selenium

• calcium

• phosphorus

iodine and phosphorus

T/F: the macro-minerals include calcium, phosphorus, manganese, and selenium

false

T/F: calcium reserves exist mainly in bones and teeth

true

T/F: calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are tightly regulated by hormones

true

during LOW blood calcium concentrations, which hormone helps increase blood calcium levels?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

during HIGH blood calcium concentrations, which hormone helps decrease blood calcium levels?

calcitonin

T/F: excessive calcium during growth is a concern with large/giant breed puppies

true

what age does hormonal control over calcium mature in puppies?

6 months

T/F: vitamin-mineral supplements that contain calcium are safe during growth

false

what is the appropriate calcium:phosphorus ratio in the diet of dogs?

1.0-2.0 calcium : 1.0 phosphorus

in the clinical example of timbit where he was eating an unbalanced diet and was calcium deficient, would you expect his PTH to be increased, decreased, or within normal range?

increased

in the clinical example of timbit where he was eating an unbalanced diet and was calcium deficient, would you expect his vitamin D to be increased, decreased, or within normal range?

decreased

which of the following leads to osteoporosis in humans?

• alcoholism

• low body mass (BMI)

• low dietary calcium intake

• inadequate physical activity

• early menopause

• cigarette smoking

all of them

T/F: calcium deficiency leads to osteoporosis and soft shelled eggs in laying hens

true

T/F: milk porduction in high-producing dairy cattle requires dietary calcium

true

what do calcium and magnesium have in common?

• nerve transmission

• muscle function

• structure of bone

• blood clotting

nerve transmission, muscle function, structure of bone

T/F: magnesium deficiency can lead to neurologic signs

true

sulfur has a number of important roles. what could you expect with deficiency?

• excessive wool/feather production

• poor wool/feather production

• excessive haircoat production

• none of the above

poor wool/feather production

T/F: salt excess/toxicity occurs in animals

true

which of the foloowing could lead to salt toxicity?

• homemade play dough

• ocean water

• paint balls

• table salt

all of them

T/F: electrolyyte shifts can occur due to prolonged diarrhea

true

which applies to anti-nutritional factors?

• increases nutrient bioavailability

• reduces nutrient bioavilability

• no impact on nutrient bio-availability

reduced nutrient bioavailability

which of the following macro-minerals have reserves in the body?

• sodium

• chloride

• magnesium

• calcium

magnesium and calcium

phytates and tannins can be found in which of the following?

• grains/cereals

• legumes

• raw fish and shellfish

• raw egg whites

grains/cereals and legumes

thyminases can be found in what group of foods?

raw fish and shellfish

avidin can be found in what food?

raw egg whites

T/F: a bidirectional relationship is when both minerals affect the use of eachother

true

which of the following could lead to zinc toxicity?

• ingestion of sunblock

• ingestion of nickels

• ingestion of pennies

• ingestion of human dietary supplements

ingestion of sunblock, ingestion of pennies, ingestion of human dietary supplements

which of the following influences iron absorption?

• form of iron (supplied in meats vs plants)

• presence of vitamin C with iron

• competition with other minerals (like calcium)

• antinutritional factors (like phytates)

all of them

iron deficiency can occur due to which of the following?

• internal parasites

• plant-based diets

• external parasites

• GI ulceration

all of them

T/F: copper hepatopathy in dogs has a genetic link

true

T/F: selenium and vitamin E work synergistically

true

which of the following fit hypothyroidism?

• slow metabolism

• weight loss

• weight gain

• fast metabolism

slow metabolism, weight gain

which B vitamin requires cobalt?

vitamin B12

which mineral deficiencies result in anemia?

• iodine

• iron

• copper

• calcium

iron and copper

which micro-minerals are co-factors/constituents of enzymes?

• copper

• iron

• zinc

• manganese

all of them

which micro-minerals co-function with vitamins?

• vitamin E + selenium

• vitamin E + calcium

• vitamin B12 + cobalt

• vitamin B12 + magnesium

vitamin E + selenium & vitamin B12 + cobalt

which of the following micro-minerals are needed for thyroid hormone production?

• calcium

• iodine

• manganese

• selenium

iodine and selenium