Prokaryotic cells

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Last updated 12:06 AM on 9/29/26
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19 Terms

1
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Bacteria with cell walls

Gram positive or negative

2
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Crystal violet stain test

  • Hans Gram

  • Gram positive : purple

  • Gram negative : pink


3
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Hopanoids

The sterol in bacterias. They don’t have cholesterol at the membrane

4
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Gram positive bacteria

  • Have thick peptidoglycan layer as cell wall

  • No outer membrane


<ul><li><p>Have thick peptidoglycan layer as cell wall</p></li><li><p>No outer membrane</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Gram negative bacteria

  • Cell wall composed of thin peptidoglycan layer & outer membrane

  • Outer phospholipid membrabe

  • Lipopolysaccharides in plasma membrane


<ul><li><p>Cell wall composed of thin peptidoglycan layer &amp; outer membrane</p></li><li><p>Outer phospholipid membrabe</p></li><li><p>Lipopolysaccharides in plasma membrane</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Periplasmic space

Space between the two membranes in gram negative bacteria

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Peptidoglycan layer

Made of alternating chains of NAG & NAM

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NAM / N-acetylmuramic acid

  • NAG + Lactic acid

  • B(1-4) links


<ul><li><p>NAG + Lactic acid</p></li><li><p>B(1-4) links</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Penicilin

  • Inhibits an enzyme that builds the bacterial cell wall

  • Produced by fungi

  • Discovered by Fleming

  • B-lactam ring gives it anti-biotic properties

  • Does not kill live mature bacteria

  • Bacteria lyse when they try to divide


<ul><li><p>Inhibits an enzyme that builds the bacterial cell wall</p></li><li><p>Produced by fungi</p></li><li><p>Discovered by Fleming</p></li><li><p>B-lactam ring gives it anti-biotic properties</p></li><li><p>Does not kill live mature bacteria </p></li><li><p>Bacteria lyse when they try to divide </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lysozome

  • Also discovered by Fleming

  • In tears, saliva, mucus, milk

  • Breaks B(1-4) links between NAG & NAM


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Exterior of E.Coli

  • Lipopolysaccharides

  • Fimbriae

  • Flagella

  • May also form: Pili or capsules


<ul><li><p>Lipopolysaccharides</p></li><li><p>Fimbriae</p></li><li><p>Flagella</p></li><li><p>May also form: Pili or capsules</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lipopolysaccharides

  • Protects the cell

  • Lipid A is an endotoxin that is released upon lysis, induces overactivation of immune system


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Fimbriae

  • Tubular protein appendages

  • Shorter than flagella

  • Used by gram - and some gram + bacteria to attach to host cells

  • NOT used for locomotion


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Pili

  • Long protein tubes (similar to fimbriae)

  • Attach to “mating partner” for transference of genetic material


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Flagella

  • Uses H+ for power (proton-motive force), spins the flagellum

  • Used for locomotion


<ul><li><p>Uses H+ for power (proton-motive force), spins the flagellum</p></li><li><p>Used for locomotion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Bacterial capsule slime layer

  • Capsule (rigid) slime layer (semi rigid)

  • Polysaccharide layer that surrounds bacterial cells external to the cell wall

  • Provides protection & adhesion


<ul><li><p>Capsule (rigid) slime layer (semi rigid)</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Polysaccharide layer that surrounds bacterial cells external to the cell wall</p></li><li><p>Provides protection &amp; adhesion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Biofilm

Form due to adhesion provided by the bacterial slime layer

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Molliculites

Lack a cell wall


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Archaea

  • Have ether bonds instead of ester bonds

  • Bilayer covalently bonded

  • Some have an S-layer made from protein, some have pseudopeptidoglycans (B1-3 bonds instead of B1-4)