UHC: Medieval Final

John Wycliffe

14th-century heretic. Forerunner to the Reformation & set the stage for people like Martin Luther. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy and questioned the power of the pope. Instrumental in representing that turn against the church.

The Black Death

14th century. The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages killed nearly half the people of Western Europe

- rats & fleas

Symptoms: rapid, severe fever; chills; weakness; buboes; and death.

- crisis & scapegoating

Magna Carta

13th century a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Laxckland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Innocent III

Pope who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height 12-13th century. "Papal fiefs" surrendered control to the pope. nicknamed Pope Plenitudo potestatis (Latin for "fullness of power").

Silk Roads

(7th-15th century) trading system that flourished under the unity of the Mongols, only to lose favor again when the Mongols fell.

- Luxury Goods: Gold, Silver, Ivory, Spices, and Silk

- Central Asia vs. The Periphery

- Blending of Religion and Culture

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Believed in empiricism, logic, and systematization. Aristotle also believed that everything in nature had within it an entelechy (purpose) that determined its potential. Active reason, considered the immortal part of the human soul, provided humans with their greatest potential; therefore, fully actualized humans engage in active reason. Because everything was thought to have a cause, Aristotle postulated an unmoved mover that caused everything in the world but was not itself caused. (See also Unmoved mover.)

Peter Waldo

12th century, part of the vita apostolica movement. Waldensian Heresy, thought the commoner should be able to preach; voluntary poverty. Similar to St. Francis.

- lay preachers

- vernacular languages bibles

Chinggis Khan

12-13th century; Mongol ruler defeated the Turkish and Persian kingdoms

- "fierce ruler"

Consolidating the steppe:

- dismantling old loyalties

- "selective mercy" (saved soldiers killed leaders)

- "great mongol nation." (conquer the world)

Avignon Papacy

The period of Church history from the 14th century, when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France, instead of in Rome

Agricultural Revolution

10th-13th century. A time when new inventions, such as the seed drill and the steel plow, made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Crop rotation - By alternating plant families, you prevent the same pathogens from building up in the soil and ensure different soil depths are used for nutrients.

Chivalry

(10th-12th c.) A code of conduct practiced by military elites in medieval Europe that set rules of engagement. The qualities idealized by knighthood, such as bravery and gallantry toward women

Henry II of England

Married Eleanor of Aquitaine and got French land from her, strengthened royal courts, and introduced the jury and common law. 12th century. (reigned 1154-1189). Henry expanded royal authority, reformed English law by increasing the use of juries and royal courts, and created the Angevin Empire through his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Conflict: His reign is marked by major conflicts, notably his dispute with Thomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury) and rebellions led by his own sons.

The Mendicant Orders

religious orders that depend directly on charity for their livelihood. founded to fight heresy and to preach to ordinary people. Early 13th century.

- Dominican/Franciscan friars

Fourth Lateran Council

The 13th century, called by Pope Innocent III, was a summons to spiritual reform; among the things established were the secrecy of the confessional, the Real Presence, fixing the number of the sacraments at seven, and the enforcement of clerical celibacy.

- reorganizing the church

- changes to clerical life

- changes to lay life like confession & communion

- ban on new religious orders

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In the 16th century, he wrote the 95 theses, or statements of belief, attacking the church's practices. led to religious reform in Germany, denying papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Vita Apostolica

12th century. means apostolic life - that is, to live in poverty and constant prayer or service to God. living life like the apostles, emphasis on poverty, simplicity, communal wealth, and preaching

Beguines

13th century. independent communities of laywomen that first emerged in Europe in the High Middle Ages. They had no rule or permanent religious vows, but they shared a form of common life and engaged in contemplative prayer or ministries of caring for the sick and poor

- "quasi religious"

- urban phenomenon

- support structure for independent women

- lay and female piety.

Cathars

A Christian religious sect in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries. Medieval heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world evil, their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence.

- There is evil (OT) and good god (NT), and they are fighting heresy.

- conspiratorial thinking

- became scapegoats

Scholasticism

12th century. A philosophical and theological system associated with Thomas Aquinas was devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

- debate & dialectic

- contributions & critiques of scholasticism.

The Hundred Years' War

A series of campaigns over control of the throne of France from the 14th century. Involving the English and French royal families and the French noble families.

- Triggered by English King Edward III's claim to the French crown, France eventually won, driving England out of all continental possessions except Calais

Medieval States

(c. 500-1500) Gaining military dominance of individual city-states led to the formation of empires. Empires then turned into monarchies.

- varied, decentralized political entities ranging from kingdoms and empires to duchies and city-states, rarely resembling modern nation-states.

Blood Libel

an accusation that Jewish people used the blood of Christians in religious rituals, especially in the preparation of Passover bread, that was perpetrated throughout the 12th century and (sporadically) until the early 20th century.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, especially the one active in Spain during the 15th century.

- detecting & converting

Methods of Inquisition: 1. Arrival & Accusations, 2. Interrogation & Witness, 3. Torture, 4. Confessions, Penance, & Punishment.