In class

T or F? FAD accepts electrons and is reduced to FADH2 | True | False

True

Which enzyme is an important rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis? | Amylase | Aldolase | Phosphofructokinase | Lactate dehydrogenase

Phosphofructokinase

What is glycolysis's net ATP yield? | 2 | 4 | 6 | 36

2

Which molecule exits glycolysis before mitochondrial oxidation? | Lactate | Acetyl-CoA | Pyruvate

Pyruvate

From two pyruvate through pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle, which combination is produced? | 8 NADH | 2 FADH2 | 2 GTP/ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation | All of the above

All of the above

Which processes are components of aerobic metabolism? | Citric acid cycle only | Electron transport only | Oxidative phosphorylation only | Citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation

Citric acid cycle, electron transport, and oxidative phosphorylation

T or F? Even-chain fatty acids cannot provide net glucose because their Acetyl-CoA carbons are lost as CO2 in the citric acid cycle. | True | False

True

Which substrate cannot provide net carbon for gluconeogenesis? | Lactate | Glycerol | Glucogenic amino acids | Even-chain fatty acids

Even-chain fatty acids

T or F? Protein is generally the preferred major fuel for high-intensity exercise and increases endurance. | True | False

False

Why does carbohydrate availability support fat oxidation? | It maintains citric-acid cycle intermediates needed to process Acetyl-CoA | I converts fatty acids directly to glucose | It prevents all lactate formation | It eliminates the need for oxygen

It maintains citric-acid cycle intermediates needed to process Acetyl-CoA

Citrate is formed when: | Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl-CoA | Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A | Coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate | Pyruvate combines with oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl-CoA

The immediate energy system relies primarily on: | Fractions of glycolysis | Intramuscular high-energy phosphates | Oxygen already dissolved in the cell | oxidation of lactate

Intramuscular high-energy phosphates

ATP and PCr can sustain maximal exercise for approximately: | 1 sec | 8 sec | 1 min | 2 min

8 sec

During which all-out exercise duration would rapid glycolysis usually make its largest relative contribution? | 5-10 sec | 30-60 sec | 10-20 min | More than 60 min

30-60 sec

At the same submaximal workload, why does an endurance-trained person commonly have a smaller oxygen deficit? | Lower resting oxygen uptake | Faster adjustment of oxidative ATP production | Less ATP stored in muscle | Greater dependence on rapid glycolysis

Faster adjustment of oxidative ATP production

A trained and an untrained person exercise at the same constant workload and reach the same steady-state oxygen uptake. The trained person reaches this level sooner. What is the expected result? | A larger oxygen deficit | A smaller oxygen deficit | A higher steady-state oxygen requirement | A greater early anaerobic energy contribution

A smaller oxygen deficit

During a supramaximal exercise test, predicted accumulated oxygen demand is 12 L and measured accumulated oxygen uptake is 8 L. What is the estimated MAOD? | 20 L of oxygen equivalent | 8 L of oxygen equivalent | 4 L of oxygen equivalent | 1.5 L of oxygen equivalent

4 L of oxygen equivalent

Two athletes have the same MAOD. Which conclusion is justified? | They have the same estimated total anaerobic capacity for the test | They have the same phosphocreatine stores | They produce the same amount of ATP through glycolysis | They have the same maximal aerobic capacity

They have the same estimated total anaerobic capacity for the test

A cyclist completes constant-load trials at three workloads. Blood lactate stabilizes at 200 W and 225 W but continues rising at 250 W which is the highest tested workload that meets the MLSS criterion? | 200 W | 250 W | 237.5 W | 225 W

225 W

Two runners have the same MLSS speed. One has stable blood lactate at 3 mmol/L and the other at 6 mmol/L. Which statement is correct? | The runner at 6 mmol/L must be exercising above MLSS | Both can be at MLSS because lactate concentration at MLSS varies among individuals | The runner at 3 mmol/L must have a higher VO2max | Neither can be at MLSS because MLSS requires exactly 4 mmol/L

Both can be at MLSS because lactate concentration at MLSS varies among individuals

Why might the workload at OBLA differ from an athlete’s MLSS workload? | OBLA measure phosphocreatine depletion | MLSS is determined from maximal oxygen uptake alone | OBLA uses a fixed lactate concentration, whereas MLSS tests lactate stability over time | MLSS is the workload at which lactate first appears in the blood

OBLA uses a fixed lactate concentration, whereas MLSS tests lactate stability over time

Which process is most closely associated with the rapid component of EPOC? | Restoring phosphocreatine and oxygen stores | Maintaining elevated body temperatures for several hours | Maintaining prolonged hormonal stimulation | Rebuilding muscle glycogen completely

Restoring phosphocreatine and oxygen stores

Lactate produced in one muscle fibre enters a neighbouring oxidative fibre. What can happen to it there? | It must return to the liver before it can supply energy | It is stored directly as phosphocreatine | It prevents the fibre from using oxygen | It can be used as fuel for aerobic ATP production

It can be used as fuel for aerobic ATP production

Aerobic ATP production begins only after the anaerobic energy systems stop contributing | True | False

False

A larger proportion of Type II muscle fibres can contribute to a larger MAOD, but fibre type is not its only determinant | True | False

True

Endurance training can increase the speed or power at MLSS even when inherited muscle fibre distribution changes little | True | False

True

The prolonged component of EPOC is entirely explained by the oxygen needed to oxidize accumulated lactate | True | False

False

A test is most meaningful when the test mode matches the activity being evaluated | True | False

True

In the Wingate test, peak power is usually reached during which part of the 30 s sprint? | The first 5 s | The 10-15 s interval | The 20-25 s interval | The final 5 s

The first 5 s

Which Wingate measure is the total work done across all six 5 s intervals? | Peak power | Relative power | Anaerobic capacity | Anaerobic fatigue

Anaerobic capacity

Why is closed-circuit spirometry unsuitable for measuring VO2 during physical activity? | It measures heat output instead of gas exchange | It can’t handle subject movement or the large air volumes expired during exercise | It overestimates CO2 production | It needs an isotope bolus before testing

It can’t handle subject movement or the large air volumes expired during exercise

All energy metabolism ultimately depends on | Oxygen utilization | Regeneration of STP | Availability of SDA | Availability of carbohydrate | None of the answer choices are correct

Oxygen utilization

Indirect calorimetry types include which of the following except? | Nitrogen analysis, oxygen analysis | Closed-circuit, direct | Open-circuit, Douglas bag | Bomb, closed-circuit | Open and closed-circuit spirometry

Bomb, closed-circuit

In closed-circuit spirometry: | The subject rebreathes CO2 and O2 is absorbed | VO2 and VCO2 are measured | CO2 in exhaled air is absorbed by soda lime | RQ is always determined | None of the answer choices are correct

CO2 in exhaled air is absorbed by soda lime

Power equals | T x D/F | F/T x T | F x D/T | T x F/T | T x D x F

F x D/T

Knowing the steady-rate oxygen uptake to compute human energy expenditure allows you to calculate that 1.0 liter O2 liberates: | 2.8 kcal when carbohydrate is metabolized | 4.82 kcal when a mixed diet is metabolized | 3.5 kcal when lipid is metabolized | 6.2 kcal when protein is metabolized | 5.4 joules when protein is metabolized

4.82 kcal when a mixed diet is metabolized

Which respiratory exchange ratio ® indicates VO@peak has been achieved during physical activity? | 0.70 | 0.85 | 1.00 | >1.00

1.00

Steady-rate physical activity refers to: | A metabolic state where hydrogen atoms continually oxidize at their rate of production | A metabolic stat where ATP continually regenerate via aerobic pathways | A balance between energy required by the body and rate of aerobic ATP production | All of the answer choices are correct\

All of the answer choices are correct\

If physical activity intensity exceeds steady-rate level, () becomes the main energy fuel for any “additional” non-steady-rate physical activity | Lipid | Carbohydrate | Protein | Any of the fuels listed can predominate depending on the diet preceding the event

Carbohydrate

At a sufficiently high speed, a person walks and then runs at the SAME speed. Which statement is correct? | Walking always uses fewer kcal/min | Walking can use more kcal/km than running | Both must use the same kcal/km | Running always uses twice as many kcal/km

Walking can use more kcal/km than running

A person doubles their speed, and energy expenditure rises from 5 to 10 kcal/min. What happens to energy cost per km? | It doubles | It decreases by half | It remains unchanged | It increases fourfold

It remains unchanged

Which measure best compares movement economy between people of different body masses travelling at the same speed? | kcal/min | km/h | kcal/kg/km | Total kcal without considering distance

kcal/kg/km

The cited preferred speeds of about 9.9 km/h for females and 11.7 km/h for males refer to RUNNING, not walking | True | False

True

Using 1 kcal/kg/km, how much energy does a 60 kg person expend running 5 km? | 50 kcal | 120 kcal | 300 kcal | 600 kcal

300 kcal

A 70 kg person runs 5 km in 30 minutes, then covers the same distance in 20 minutes on another day. Using the same rule of thumb, which is correct? | The faster run uses fewer total kcal | Both use about 350 kcal, but the faster run uses more kcal/min | The faster run uses more total kcal | Both runs use the same kcal/min

Both use about 350 kcal, but the faster run uses more kcal/min

Which pair correctly gives the approximate energy costs of resting and level running? | Resting: 1 kcal/kg/km; running: 1 kcal/kg/hour | Resting: 1 kcal/kg/hour; running: 1 kcal/kg/km | Both: 1 kcal/kg/hour | Both: 1 kcal/kg/km

Resting: 1 kcal/kg/hour; running: 1 kcal/kg/km

Which statement about running intensity and energy expenditure is most accurate? | Similar calorie expenditure always produces identical training adaptations | Higher-intensity running can produce greater improvements in VO2max even when total energy expenditure is similar | Running faster necessarily doubles the energy cost per kilometre | Training benefits depends only on distance covered

Higher-intensity running can produce greater improvements in VO2max even when total energy expenditure is similar

The following oxygen consumption rate is considered “moderate exercise” for men: | 3.5 mL O2/kg/min | 17 mL O2/kg/min | 35 mL O2/kg/min | 7 mL O2/kg/min

17 mL O2/kg/min

Moderate exercise for women is 2.8-4.3 METs. Which value is within this range? | 14 mL O2/kg/min | 28 mL O2/kg/min | 3 mL O2/kg/min | 5 mL O2/kg/min

14 mL O2/kg/min

A 70 kg man jogged for 2 km. roughly how many kcal were burned? | 10 kcal | 50 kcal | 70 kcal | 140 kcal

140 kcal

Statements about running are true EXCEPT: | Produces leg impact about 3 times body weight | Costs more energy per minute than walking | Costs more energy to cover the same distance than walking | With ankle weight, costs more than the same weight at the waist

Costs more energy to cover the same distance than walking

Breaststroke swimming is more energy efficient than front crawl | True | False

False

The most economical speed is 11 km/hr | True | False

Conflicting source answers: True / False

The average energy cost of walking is 1 kcal/kg/hr | True | False

False

Basal metabolic rate: | Is usually marginally lower than resting metabolic rate | Is measured directly in the human calorimeter | Varies with age and sex | Is related to fat-free body mass | All of the answer choices are correct

Is usually marginally lower than resting metabolic rate

() exerts the greatest thermic effect | Carbohydrate | Lipid | Protein | Alcohol

Protein

MET indicates: | Maximum metabolic rate | BMR | Sleep energy expenditure | Energy expenditure during rest | Minimum energy triangle

Energy expenditure during rest

Dietary-induced thermogenesis reaches maximum about () after a meal | 10 min | 1 hour | 3 hours | 6 hours | 24 hours

1 hour

A 70 kg individual runs 5 km. Expected energy cost: | 350 kcal | 700 kcal | 35 kcal | 70 kcal

350 kcal

The added energy cost is the same whether weight is on the ankle or carried in the hands | True | False

False

The most economical cyclists have predominance of which muscle fiber? | Fast twitch (type II) fibers | Slow twitch (type II) fibers | Slow twitch (type I) fibers | Slow-contracting, low-tension lower leg muscle fibers

Slow twitch (type I) fibers

Cyclists with the most economical pattern have more slow twitch (type I) fibers | True | False

True

The average college-age American woman expends about 2600 kcal/day | True | False

False

There is no one optimal running style | True | False

True

() are used to estimate body surface area in humans | Stature and body mass | Mass and % body fat | Stature and FFM | Stature and lean body mass

Stature and body mass

Sex differences in BMR are largely explained by sex differences in: | Daily physical activity | Body surface area | Body stature and mass | Body composition

Body composition

For a typical person, RMR accounts for about what percentage of TDEE? | 15-30% | 20-30% | 40-50% | 60-75%

60-75%

Factors used to calculate predicted RMR EXCEPT: | Age | Height | Weight | Body mass index

Body mass index

Harris-Benedict Formula is used to calculate: | VO2max | Total daily energy expenditure | Resting metabolic rate | Physical capacity

Resting metabolic rate

BMR averages about () lower in women than in men | 40% | 5 to 10% | 20 to 30% | 50% | None

5 to 10%

Mifflin equation variables: X = weight (kg), Y = height (cm), Z = age. Which statement is correct? | Y is height in cm | X is weight in kg | Z is age | All of the above are correct

All of the above are correct

In Mifflin's method for estimating female RMR, which constant differs from male? | 10 | 6.25 | 161 | None of the above

161

If RMR is 1800 kcal/day and RMR is 60% of TDEE, what is TDEE? | 3000 kcal/day | 2000 kcal/day | 1000 kcal/day | None

3000 kcal/day

() law explains why pressure in the lungs drops as the chest cavity expands | Boyle | Bohr | Dalton | Henry’s law

Boyle

Individuals with () improve to a greater extent with endurance training | Higher VO2max | Higher anaerobic threshold | Higher muscle mass | Higher percentage of slow-twitch fibers

Higher percentage of slow-twitch fibers

The () is the best predictor of high-intensity endurance sport performance | Intensity at OBLA | MLSS | Level of glycogen storage | VO2max

MLSS